Idealne ciało Berkeleya. Status ciała w filozofii percepcji George’a Berkeleya wyłożonej w Nowej teorii widzenia

George Berkeley’s philosophy is a specific combination of idealism and empiricism. Berkeley is well known primarily for his view/theory/thesis that material objects do not exist. In the New Theory of Vision he presents a cognition process grounded in sensory perception, thus giving the senses a privileged role in cognition. The article is an attempt to answer the question about the status of the body and corporeality in such process of cognition as in the context of Berkeley’s immaterialism. I propose such a reading of  the Essay of the New Theory of Vision which does not focus on its content in the perspective of the later, Treatise on the Principles of Human Cognition which is considered to be the most important of Berkeley’s works. Instead, I look at those passages where Berkeley uses concepts related to the body and corporeality – primarily tactile ideas, which play a key role in the cognition process – to see how, according to Berkeley’s doctrine, the sensual body of the perceiving person is to be understood. In his mature doctrine, Berkeley admits the existence of only two kinds of entities: active minds and passive ideas. Therefore, the sensual body of the/a perceiving person must be classified as one of them. In the article, I argue that he could not have done otherwise than identify a perceiving body with an active mind.Filozofia George’a Berkeleya to swoiste połączenie idealizmu i empiryzmu. Berkeley jest znany przede wszystkim ze względu na głoszoną przez siebie tezę o nieistnieniu przedmiotów materialnych. W Nowej teorii widzenia przedstawia natomiast proces poznania ugruntowany w percepcji zmysłowej, tym samym przyznając zmysłom uprzywilejowaną rolę w poznaniu rzeczywistości. Artykuł ma na celu próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o status ciała i cielesności poznającego człowieka w tak zarysowanym procesie poznania w kontekście doktryny immaterialistycznej. Proponuję takie odczytanie Próby stworzenia nowej teorii widzenia, które nie skupia się na rozumieniu jej treści w perspektywie późniejszego, uznawanego za najważniejsze dzieła Berkeleya: Traktatu o zasadach poznania ludzkiego. Zamiast tego przyglądam się tym fragmentom, w którym Berkeley posługuje się pojęciami związanymi z ciałem i cielesnością – przede wszystkim ideami dotykowymi – żeby zobaczyć, jak, według Berkeleyowskiej doktryny, należy rozumieć zmysłowe ciało poznającego podmiotu. W swojej dojrzałej doktrynie Berkeley dopuszcza istnienie jedynie dwóch rodzajów bytów: aktywnych umysłów oraz biernych idei. W związku z tym zmuszony jest zmysłowe ciało poznającego człowieka zaliczyć do jednego z nich. W pracy staram się wykazać, że nie mógł zrobić inaczej, jak utożsamić poznające ciało z aktywnym umysłem

Basic aspects of ketamine therapy for treatment-resistant depression - a review paper

Introduction and purpose: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric illness, affecting millions of people worldwide. The first line of pharmacological treatment is usually monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Up to 60% of cases, may be drug-resistant patients, prompting researchers to research substances other than conventional. 1 The purpose of this article was to review recent studies on the use of ketamine in the treatment of drug-resistant depression and present their findings.   Brief description of the state of knowledge: Ketamine has been a well-known drug used in anesthesiology and pain management for decades. Because of its multidirectional effects, researchers have become interested in its effects on psychiatric illnesses. Over the past decade or so, there has been a definite increase in research and articles on the use of ketamine in psychiatry. The study has resulted in FDA approval of esketamine for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression in adults in 2019.   Material and method: This article is the result of searching keywords on databases such as Google Scholar and Pubmed and collecting scientific literature about depression and ketamine. Articles were preselected by title, number of citations, source, and publication date.   Summary: Ketamine has the potential to be a treatment for drug-resistant depression. Its effectiveness varies with the form and dosage, with racemic and higher doses offering greater therapeutic benefits. Ketamine's efficacy is on par with the electroconvulsive therapy. Its onset is faster than traditional antidepressants, significantly reducing suicide risk in a shorter time frame. While the precise mechanisms of its antidepressant effects are not fully understood, it is suggested that its impact on brain neuroplasticity may contribute to the rapid onset of action. Growing evidence supports ketamine's effectiveness in treating TRD, highlighting the need for further research in this area

Physical activity as a prescription for diabetic retinopathy

Introduction and purpose Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of vision loss in diabetic patients. The purpose of this work is to confront the problem of retinopathy and present the beneficial effects of physical activity on retinal health in patients in this risk group.  State of knowledge This paper reviews the literature on the problem of microangiopathic complications of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, and the effect of physical activity on changing the incidence of this complication. According to the WHO, diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of preventable blindness and visual impairment. Trends in diabetes and its associated complications are steadily increasing. Diabetic retinopathy occurs in about one-third of diabetics. It can be prevented by controlling blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels. Following a proper diet and physical activity can maintain adequate glucose levels, thereby reducing the incidence of diabetes complications. Material and method  The literature available on Google Schoolar and "PubMed" was reviewed. The focus was on presenting the problem of microangiopathic complications of diabetes mellitus detailing diabetic retinopathy, diagnosis, treatment methods, pathogenesis of the condition and prevention of this complication through the beneficial effect of regular physical activity in diabetic patients.  Summary Our review succeeded in presenting the current status of the problem of retinopathy, the development of diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. On the basis of a number of studies presented in this review, we managed to prove the positive aspect of physical exercise on prevention, treatment and reduction of the effects and complications of diabetes. In our review, we concluded that increasing physical activity in daily lifestyle is one of the methods of treating diabetes by lowering blood glucose levels, thereby reducing the risk of diabetic retinopathy as a complication of diabetes

Effect of the extent of hydrogeological conditions exploration on the correct execution of protection design exemplified in the Słabomierz-Krzyżówka landfill

W artykule przedstawiono i omówiono wpływ przeprowadzonego rozpoznania warunków hydrogeologicznych na poprawność wykonania przesłony przeciwfiltracyjnej składowiska odpadów, a tym samym na poprawę jakości wód podziemnych w jego rejonie. Problematykę stopnia rozpoznania warunków hydrogeologicznych podczas projektowania i wykonania zabezpieczenia składowiska przedstawiono na przykładzie składowiska Słabomierz-Krzyżówka.In the paper, an effect of the extent of exploration of hydrogeological conditions on the correct execution of a seepage screen of a landfill, aiming to the improvement of groundwater quality in the vicinity of waste disposal site, was analysed. The issue was exemplified in the design and construction of the seepage screen for the Słabomierz-Krzyżówka landfill

Comparative analysis of the results of geophysical and geological- -engineering methods on the example of Włocławek River-islet investigative testing ground

The paper present the correlation of geophysical method with geological-engineering data. As an experimental testing ground, a terrain with simple soil conditions was selected, located on the W³oc³awek River-islet. This is a large alluvial area on the Vistula River, downstream of the W³oc³awek Dam. In the study, the following geophysical methods were applied: vertical electrical sounding (VES), refraction seismic, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The evaluation of geological-engineering conditions was executed by using the following methods: drilling, cone penetration test (CPT sounding), measurements of the underground water level and macroscopic and laboratory analyses of soils samples. The results obtained were described and presented in a graphic form

Ethnographer in guests

Review: Adam Pisarek (2016). Gościnność polska. O kulturowych konkretyzacjach idei. Katowice: grupa kulturalna.pl, ss. 26

Ground Penetrating Radar (Georadar – GPR) tests and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) tests used for tracking free groundwater level of the first aquifer

W artykule zaprezentowano ocenę możliwości zastosowania metody georadarowej i tomografii elektrooporowej w rozpoznaniu hydrogeologicznym płytkich wód podziemnych. Podjęto próbę wydzielania warstw geologicznych, wyznaczania głębokości do zwierciadła wód podziemnych, oraz określono czynniki mające wpływ na dokładność rozpoznania.The paper presents the appraisal of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) tests and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) tests used in the hydrogeological exploration of shallow groundwater level. An attempt was made to identify geological layers and determine the distance downward to the groundwater level

On application of ground penetriation radar method in defining position of the free aquifer during of the test pumping

In this paper were verify the possibilities of use the ground penetrating radar method to defining the range of depression cone during pumping test the first free aquifer. On the experimental area there were: pumping well with observation weels, geotechnical weels and cone penetration tests. This made possible the credible interpretation of the results with GPR investigations. GPR measurements were executed before pumping and after stabilizing the depression. On the echograms there were clearly appeared the free aquifer before and during of the pumping. On the basis of geophisical investigations it was successful to interpret the position of free aquifer and the range of depression cone

What a waste?

Aim. The aim of the paper is to reflect on role of urban wastelands in context of legal and social construction of urban public spaces. This reflexion is based on analysis of what ecological values are connected with urban wastelands and how those values manifested during pandemic. Methods. Paper is based on observatory research put in the context of theoretical reflection on urban research, especially applying to ecology and urban management. Results.  Spontaneous social animation of urban wastelands related to restrictions placed upon using green areas by Polish government in order to stop the spread of COVID-19 in April 2020 revealed potential of such places to trace regulations introduced in public spaces resulting in transfer of some social practices to less ordered and supervised areas. Conclusions. Nowadays urban wastelands gained appreciation as areas of specific high biodiversity and ecological value. However they can also be useful as a measure of social practices excluded from planned and highly organised urban places. They can be used to trace them and rethink legal and social circumstances that led to that exclusion

Empty city spaces. Practices of unseen

Aim. The aim of this paper is to depict ambivalent status of bygone city spaces - defined and identified by things that were there before - that are perceived as empty. Because they are obsolete, they do not function in accordance with their primarly intended use they become devastated and ruined, they create specific environment for various actions that in organised and sctructured spaces remain hidden and invisible. Method. The study is a reflexion on social functioning of city spaces perceived as abandoned – their ambivalent status in context of practices connected with urban space. Significant part of the article is a polemic with Kroessler's metaphore city as a palimpsest. Resullt and Conclusions. The analysis shows ambivalent status of urban spaces that are perceived as empty. They, by definition, consist of specific kind of absence and simoultaneously paradoxically they make some aspekts of urban space functioning visible