A saúde na escola: um breve resgate histórico Health at school: a brief history

Discute o nascimento histórico da saúde escolar no mundo e no Brasil. Apresenta a Iniciativa Regional Escolas Promotoras de Saúde - um discurso de múltiplos olhares e trabalho articulado entre a educação, saúde e sociedade -, como modelo alternativo de atenção à saúde na escola recomendado, pela Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, para os países do Caribe e da América Latina. Considera que o olhar atento aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais é condição fundamental para que os profissionais de saúde sensíveis à questão da educação em saúde na escola contribuam para que a mesma compareça na educação fundamental com um enfoque crítico, interdisciplinar e transversal e, finalmente, apresenta as diretrizes da nova política nacional de saúde na escola pública.<br>It involves the historical birth of school health in the world and Brazil. It shows a regional initiative of Health Promoting Schools - a discourse of multiple viewings and joint work among education, health and society -, as an alternative model of attention to school health, recommended by Pan American Health Organization, to the Caribbean and Latin American Countries. Finally, it takes into account that a detailed observation of the National Curriculum Parameters is an essential condition so that health professionals, who are sensitive to the school health education issue, can contribute to its inclusion in the fundamental education with a critical, interdisciplinary and transversal approach, presenting the guidelines of a new national health polices at public schools

Analysis of ORF5 sequences of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) circulating within swine farms in Costa Rica

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the diseases that cause the highest economic impact in modern pig production. PRRS was first detected in Costa Rica in 1996 and has since then severely affected the local swine industry. Studies of the molecular characterization of circulating strains, correlation with clinical records, and associations with pathogens associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) have not been done in Costa Rica. RESULTS: Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 proved that PRRSV-2 was the only species detected in all locations analyzed. These sequences were grouped into three clusters. When comparing samples from San Jose, Alejuela, and Puntarenas to historical isolates of the previously described lineages (1 to 9), it has been shown that these were closely related to each other and belonged to Lineage 5, along with the samples from Heredia. Intriguingly, samples from Cartago clustered in a separate clade, phylogenetically related to Lineage 1. Epitope analysis conducted on the GP5 sequence of field isolates from Costa Rica revealed seven peptides with at least 80% amino acid sequence identity with previously described and experimentally validated immunogenic regions. Previously described epitopes A, B, and C, were detected in the Santa Barbara-Heredia isolate. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the virus has three distinct origins or introductions to the country. Future studies will elucidate how recently introduced vaccines will shape the evolutionary change of circulating field strains

Seroprevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on swine farms in a tropical country of the Middle Americas: the case of Costa Rica

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Little is known regarding the epidemiology of this infection in tropical countries. To address this problem in Costa Rica, a seroepidemiological study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, a pilot study was conducted in nine farms with the clinical diagnosis of PRRSV. In total, 265 pig serum samples were collected from animals ranging in age from 1 to 15 weeks of age. This study aimed to establish the duration of maternal immunity in piglets, to identify the period of viremia, and to determine when seroconversion occurs. In the second phase, a cross-sectional serology study was performed on a representative sample of the Costa Rican national herds in the second phase. The twenty-five selected farms represent all provinces and were classified according to herd size (100 to 2000 sows). In each farm, pigs aged 8, 10, and 12 weeks were sampled, as well as gilts based on the pilot study. In total 1281 pigs were sampled across all 25 farms. The aim of the cross-sectional study was to quantify the seroprevalence of PRRSV in Costa Rican pig farms and to describe its geographical distribution in this tropical country. The prevalence of positive farms was 44% (11/25), and these farms were located in six of the seven provinces of Costa Rica. Overall, 58% (344/596) of the pigs were seropositive to PRRSV. The age of the pigs and the ecozone where farms were located were significantly related with PRRSV seroprevalence in animals and herds, respectively

SAFETY OF A FORMULA SUPPLEMENTED WITH GALACTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES IN TERM INFANTS

Infant formula design aims at achieving the same beneficial effects on physical and physiological development seen in breast-fed infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of an infant milk formula supplemented with GOS (0.4g/100mL) in terms of growth and incidence of adverse effects. This was a double blind, multicenter, parallel group, randomized clinical trial. Weight (g), length (cm), and occipito-frontal head circumference (cm) were measured. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) and infants acceptance and tolerance of the study formula were evaluated. A total of 199 breast fed infants and 163 formula fed (80 in the control and 83 in the study group) were recruited. All three groups showed appropriate physical development throughout the period. Length was significantly associated with breastfeeding. Diarrhea was comparably present in all groups. GOS supplemented formula stimulated infants’ growth and prevented AEs similarly to human milk

OX40+ T lymphocytes and IFN-&#947; are associated with American tegumentary leishmaniasis pathogenesis Linfócitos T OX40+ e IFN-&#947; estão associados com a patogênese da leishmaniose tegumentar americana

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniases are zoonoses considered a public health problem, representing a complex group of diseases with a broad clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity. Leishmaniasis is caused by several species of protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The evolution of the pathology and the resolution of the leishmaniasis are dependent mainly on the Leishmania species involved, although the cytokine profile plays an important role in the development of the immune response. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the immune response of patients affected by lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis by immunostaining of the OX40, CD20, IFN-&#947; and IL-4 proteins. METHODS: The tissue samples were collected from indolent skin ulcers confirmed as cutaneous leishmaniasis of 41 patients aged between six and 90 years. The lesions were submitted to OX40, CD20, INF-&#947; and IL-4 immunolabeling. RESULTS: We observed a statistically significant higher expression of IFN-&#947; compared with IL-4 (p=0.009). Besides, OX40 had higher expression when compared with CD20 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the immune response in lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with a healing process, which can be explained by the higher expression of IFN-&#947; when compared with IL4 protein levels.<br>FUNDAMENTOS: As leishmanioses são zoonoses consideradas um problema de saúde pública, representando um grupo de doenças complexas, com uma diversidade de amplo espectro clínico e epidemiológico. A leishmaniose é uma doença causada por várias espécies de protozoários do gênero Leishmania spp. A evolução da patologia e a resolução da leishmaniose são dependentes principalmente da espécie de Leishmania envolvida; embora o perfil das citocinas tenha um importante papel no desenvolvimento da resposta imune. OBJETIVOS: Proporcionar mais conhecimentos sobre os eventos inflamatórios na leishmaniose tegumentar através da avaliação da imunoexpressão de OX40, CD20, IFN-&#947; e IL-4. MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas amostras de tecido de 41 pacientes, com idade variando entre 6 a 90 anos, com úlceras indolentes na pele confirmados através de exames de diagnóstico como leishmaniose tegumentar. As lesões foram submetidas a imunomarcação das proteínas OX40, CD20, IFN-&#947; e IL-4. RESULTADOS: Observamos uma maior expressão de IFN-&#947; em comparação com IL-4, com diferenças estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,009). Além disso, OX40 tinha maior expressão quando comparada com IL-4 (p <0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo indica que a resposta imune nas lesões de LTA está associada a um processo de cura, que pode ser explicado pela maior expressão de IFN-&#947; quando comparadas com os níveis de IL-4