Brazilian Companies and the Grade of Investment

This study is featured in the context of applied typology, of descriptive goal with bibliographic outlining, in the extent of the issue it is features as quantitative, comprising the population of 70 Brazilian corporations recognized by the International certifying agents Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch Ratings, which held the corporate investment grade in the year of 2012. Regarding the goal, the scope of this study was the development of an economic and financial indicator aiming to delimit the investment grade that companies present in their corporate structures, through a set of economic and financial indexes linked to liquidity, profitability, debt, and yield, from economic and financial demonstrations of the corporations studied.. The conclusions of the study were based in the results presented by the evolution of the statistical treatment, which were shown to be consistent for the model developed. The reliability of the model of corporate investment grade from the factorial analysis was testified by the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient that presented value of 0.768, therefore indicating satisfactory consistence to the study

Viscous cosmologies in scalar-tensor theories for Kasner type metrics

In a viscous Bianchi type I metric of the Kasner form, it is well known that it is not possible to describe an anisotropic physical model of the universe, which satisfies the second law of thermodynamics and the dominant energy condition (DEC) in Einstein's theory of gravity. We examine this problem in scalar-tensor theories of gravity. In this theory we show that it is possible to describe the growth of entropy, keeping the thermodynamics and the dominant energy condition.Comment: 6 pages, Latex, accepted in Phys. Rev.

Emergent universe in a Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory

In this paper we study emergent universe model in the context of a self interacting Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory. The model presents a stable past eternal static solution which eventually enters a phase where the stability of this solution is broken leading to an inflationary period. We also establish constraints for the different parameters appearing in our model.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in JCA

Scalar fields in an anisotropic closed universe

We study in this article a class of homogeneous, but anisotropic cosmological models in which shear viscosity is included. Within the matter content we consider a component (the quintessence component) determined by the barotropic equations of state, $p=\alpha \rho$, with $\alpha < 0$. We establish conditions under which a closed axisymmetrical cosmological model may look flat al low redshift.Comment: 6 pages, Latex, 2 figures, accepted in Phys. Rev.

Accelerated closed universes in scalar-tensor theories

We describe an accelerating universe model in the context of a scalar-tensor theory. This model is intrinsically closed, and is filled with quintessence-like scalar field components, in addition to the Cold Dark Matter component. With a background geometry specified by the Friedman-Robertson-Walker metric, we establish conditions under which this closed cosmological model, described in a scalar-tensor theory, may look flat in a genuine Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory. Both models become indistinguishable at low enough redshift.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, in press (CQG