The biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp strain affects the pathogenesis-related gene expression of the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on wheat roots

The main effects of antagonistic rhizobacteria on plant pathogenic fungi are antibiosis, fungistasis or an indirect constraint through the induction of a plant defence response. To explore different biocontrol mechanisms, an in vitro confrontation assay was conducted with the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp as a biocontrol agent of the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) on wheat roots. In parallel with the assessment of disease extension, together with the bacterial and fungal root colonization rates, the transcript levels of candidate fungal pathogenicity and plant-induced genes were monitored during the 10-day infection process. The bacterial inoculation of wheat roots with the Pf29Arp strain reduced the development of Ggt-induced disease expressed as attack frequency and necrosis length. The growth rates of Ggt and Pf29Arp, monitored through quantitative polymerase chain reaction of DNA amounts with a part of the Ggt 18S rDNA gene and a specific Pf29Arp strain detection probe, respectively, increased throughout the interactions. Bacterial antagonism and colonization had no significant effect on root colonization by Ggt. The expression of fungal and plant genes was quantified in planta by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction during the interactions thanks to the design of specific primers and an innovative universal reference system. During the early stages of the tripartite interaction, several of the fungal genes assayed were down-regulated by Pf29Arp, including two laccases, a β-1,3-exoglucanase and a mitogen-activated protein kinase. The plant host glutathione-S-transferase gene was induced by Ggt alone and up-regulated by Pf29Arp bacteria in interaction with the pathogen. We conclude that Pf29Arp antagonism acts through the alteration of fungal pathogenesis and probably through the activation of host defences

Geopolitique et stratègie naval (L\u27Amiral Mahan et la puissance maritime)

この研究は，海と海軍力の観点から海洋を理解することである。現代においても交易の大半は海洋であり，貿易船団と海軍が大きな支柱になっている。様々な時代，地方の研究を通じて，権力と海洋，海洋と海に面した地方，貿易船団と海軍の関係を歴史的構造的に説明していく。そこではマハンの海洋の地政学理論が重要な役割を果たす。その骨子は海軍力が領土主権の決定的要因とみなすことである。そして海洋に面した地方の役割を重要とみる。このような観点からフランスのルイ14世の艦隊と戦前の日本の海軍力の比較検討を行う。さらに現代のマハン主義の意味について説明する。Our research is to understand the sea from two points of view: naval strategy and military marine power. Most international trade occurring by the sea is supported by mercantile marine and military marine power. We explain historically and structurally the relationship between the power and the sea, the sea and the region, the mercantile marine power and the military marine power in reference to previous research of the times and regions. In our study, Mahan\u27s geopolitics plays an important role. The skeleton of his geopolitics regards military marine power as a decisive factor for territory and soverignty. He thought the role of maritime provinces important. We compare the Navy power of the epoch of Louis XIV with that of Japan of World War II. In the last part, we explain the meanings of modem Mahanism.原著 : アラン ギレム、翻訳 : 大山 正

Jacques Derrida, Spectres de Marx, Paris, Galilée, 1993

Guillerm Alain. Jacques Derrida, Spectres de Marx, Paris, Galilée, 1993. In: L'Homme et la société, N. 111-112, 1994. Générations et mémoires. p. 191

Alain Guillerm

Guillerm Alain. Alain Guillerm. In: Autogestion et socialisme : études, débats, documents, N°37-38, 1977. 1966-1976. Traces, contradictions, projets - Bakounine et l’autogestion - Conseils ouvriers et autogestion en Europe de l’Est. pp. 42-54

Le retour de « socialisme et barbarie »

Guillerm Alain. Le retour de « socialisme et barbarie ». In: L'Homme et la société, N. 29-30, 1973. Analyse institutionelle et socianalyse. pp. 309-311

Marx et idéologies marxistes

Guillerm Alain. Marx et idéologies marxistes. In: Autogestion et socialisme : études, débats, documents, N°35-36, 1976. Russie 1917, naissance et défaite de l’autogestion. Luxembourg et la spontanéité. Marx, marxisme et autogestion. Enquêtes, luttes autoritaires. pp. 99-118

L'idéologie française

Guillerm Alain. L'idéologie française. In: L'Homme et la société, N. 55-58, 1980. Modes de production et de consommation. pp. 267-281

Jacques Derrida, Spectres de Marx, Paris, Galilée, 1993

Guillerm Alain. Jacques Derrida, Spectres de Marx, Paris, Galilée, 1993. In: L'Homme et la société, N. 111-112, 1994. Générations et mémoires. p. 191