Patogenicidad in vitro de Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch en Musca domestica (L.) como posible estrategia de control biológico en áreas ganaderas

An experiment was carried out in order to study, in laboratory condition, the pathogenicity of Beauveria brongniartii (strain LF-05) against Musca domestica . The conidia of B. brongniartii were obtained from Perú. The fungus was propagated in potato-dextrose-agar culture medium, and later in semi-crude sterilized rice. F1 flies were obtained from wild specimens which were captured with mesh in a poultry breeding farm (Betijoque, Trujillo state, Venezuela). In the laboratory, one hundred and sixty adult flies from 3 days of age, divided into 8 lots with 17 to 40 per bottle flies were anesthetized with ether, and then applied B. brongniartii suspensions diluted in water from 108 conidia/mL, resulting in sis treatments: control, 1.2 x 103 , 1.2 x 104 , 1.2 x 105 , 1.2 x 106 , and 1.2 x 107 conidia/mL. Healthy controls with 100 flies were used with only ether as anesthesia. The counting of fallen flies, both in the experimental and bottles at checkpoints, it was up to 24 days. Using the Probit® methodology, it was found that the LT50 and LT95 were 11.08 and 13.25 days earlier than control group, respectively. Results showed that spores of B. brongniartii (strain LF-05), at 1.2 x107 conidia/mL, resulted in 95% mortality of M. domestica in 9.27 days. The use of nebulizations with similar concentration of spores to fly control in local production units of poultry and cattle were speculated.Se realizó un experimento con el objetivo de evaluar en condiciones de laboratorio la patogenicidad de Beauveria brongniartii (cepa LF-05) en Musca domestica . Las conidias de B. brongniartii se obtuvieron a partir de una cepa introducida desde Perú. El hongo fue propagado en medio de cultivo agar-papa-dextrosa y luego en arroz semicrudo esterilizado. Las moscas F1 se obtuvieron a partir de especimenes silvestres, los cuales fueron capturados en una granja avícola (Betijoque, Venezuela). Ciento sesenta moscas adultas de 3 días de edad, distribuidas en 8 lotes con 17 hasta 40 moscas por frasco fueron anestesiadas con éter, para posteriormente aplicar suspensiones de B. brongniartii diluida en agua a partir una suspensión madre de 108 conidias/mL, resultando seis tratamientos, en función de la concentración: sin aplicación del hongo; 1,2 x 103 ; 1,2 x 104 ; 1,2 x 105 ; 1,2 x 106 y 1,2 x 107 conidias/ mL. Se utilizaron además frascos controles con 100 moscas sanas que se sometieron únicamente a la anestesia con éter. El recuento de las moscas caídas, tanto en los frascos experimentales como en los controles, se hizo hasta el día 24. Mediante la metodología Probit® se determinó que los TL50 y TL95 se obtuvieron 11,08 y 13,25 días antes que en el control, respectivamente. Los resultados permiten concluir que esporas de B. brongniartii a 1,2 x 107 conidias/mL, produjeron 95% de mortalidad en M. domestica en 9,27 días. Se especula su uso en nebulizaciones con similar concentración del preparado para el control de la mosca en unidades de producción avícola, porcina y vacuna

Autosomal, mtDNA, and Y-Chromosome Diversity in Amerinds: Pre- and Post-Columbian Patterns of Gene Flow in South America

To evaluate sex-specific differences in gene flow between Native American populations from South America and between those populations and recent immigrants to the New World, we examined the genetic diversity at uni- and biparental genetic markers of five Native American populations from Colombia and in published surveys from native South Americans. The Colombian populations were typed for five polymorphisms in mtDNA, five restriction sites in the β-globin gene cluster, the DQA1 gene, and nine autosomal microsatellites. Elsewhere, we published results for seven Y-chromosome microsatellites in the same populations. Autosomal polymorphisms showed a mean G(ST) of 6.8%, in agreement with extensive classical marker studies of South American populations. MtDNA and Y-chromosome markers resulted in G(ST) values of 0.18 and 0.165, respectively. When only Y chromosomes of confirmed Amerind origin were used in the calculations (as defined by the presence of allele T at locus DYS199), G(ST) increased to 0.22. G(ST) values calculated from published data for other South American natives were 0.3 and 0.29 for mtDNA and Amerind Y chromosomes, respectively. The concordance of these estimates does not support an important difference in migration rates between the sexes throughout the history of South Amerinds. Admixture analysis of the Colombian populations suggests an asymmetric pattern of mating involving mostly immigrant men and native women