Reply to the discussion and comments of Azerêdo et al. (2023) and Schneider et al. (2023) on the paper by Magalhães et al. ‘Middle Jurassic multi-scale transgressive–regressive cycles: An example from the Lusitanian Basin’, The Depositional Record, 9, 174–202

cently published paper. The exchange of ideas, data and interpretation improves our knowledge and is the right way to discuss science\u27s advances. This reply considers the points raised by Azerêdo et al. (2023) and Schneider et al. (2023). In both manuscripts, these authors raised many issues about sedimentological and stratigraphic aspects that can be separated into two groups: (a) those related to the age of the studied succession; and (b) those assigning the studied succession to the Candeeiros Formation

Perdas de solo e nutrientes num latossolo vermelho-amarelo ácrico típico, com diferentes sistemas de preparo e sob chuva natural Soil and nutrient losses under different tillage systems in a clayey oxisol under natural rainfall

O processo erosivo é a principal causa de degradação dos solos, trazendo, como consequência, prejuízos ao setor agrícola e ao meio ambiente, com reflexos econômicos e também sociais. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas de solo e nutrientes em diferentes sistemas de preparo num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ácrico típico. Foram instaladas cinco parcelas experimentais contendo os seguintes tratamentos: preparo convencional e cultivo morro abaixo (CMA); preparo convencional e plantio em nível (CEN); preparo com uma grade aradora e uma niveladora e plantio em nível (CNiv); preparo com duas gradagens niveladoras, plantio em nível (NA) e cultivo mínimo em nível (CMN). As perdas de solo foram determinadas pelo método direto durante o ciclo da cultura de algodão, de dezembro de 2005 a junho de 2006. A cada coleta foram retiradas amostras de solo para quantificar as perdas dos nutrientes N, P, K e carbono orgânico (C-org) nos sedimentos. A diminuição no revolvimento do solo proporcionou menores perdas de sedimento, nutrientes e C-org, destacando o CMN como o mais eficiente. As perdas de N, P, K e C-org nos sedimentos apresentaram tendências semelhantes às das perdas de solo, e N, P e K variaram conforme as adubações utilizadas. O C-org foi encontrado em maior quantidade no sedimento. A taxa de infiltração básica (TIB) expressou diferença entre os tratamentos na seguinte ordem em valores crescentes: CMA < CEN<img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> CNiv<img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> NA < CMN, demonstrando que os sistemas de preparo que minimizam a movimentação do solo e incrementam C-org aumentam a TIB e diminuem o processo erosivo.<br>Erosion is the main cause of soil degradation, and it leads to adverse effects to agriculture and environment, with social and economic implications. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil and nutrient losses in different soil tillage systems in a typic Acric Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol). On five plots with the following soil tillage treatments were evaluated: conventional tillage and down-slope tillage (CMA); conventional tillage and contour seeding (CEN); tillage with one passage of heavy disk harrow and one passage of leveling harrow and contour seeding (CNiv); tillage with two passages of leveling harrow and contour seeding (NA) and no tillage and contour seeding (CMN). The soil losses were determined by the direct method during the cotton crop cycle, from December 2005 to June 2006. Along each runoff sampling, soil samples were withdrawn to quantify the losses of N, P, K and organic carbon (C-org) in the sediments. Decreasing soil tillage lessened the losses of sediments, nutrients and organic carbon, indicating that the CMN treatment was the most efficient. The trends for N, P, K and C-org losses in the sediments were similar to the soil losses. N, P and K varied according to the fertilizers used. The constituent with the highest concentration in the sediment was C in organic compounds. The basic infiltration rate differed among the treatments in the following order: CMA < CEN <img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> CNiv <img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> NA < CMN, indicating that tillage systems that reduced soil revolving and increased organic C, increased the basic infiltration rate and decreased soil erosion