Latino Communities in the United States: Place-Making in the Pre-World War II, Postwar, and Contemporary City

Scholarship on Latino communities in the United States has yet to catch up with the rapid growth of this ethnic population in the country. Understanding the Latino urban experience and developing plans to better respond to both the needs of Latino communities and their integration within society is not only relevant, but also urgently necessary. Using the city of Los Angeles as a main lens, in addition to a general look at the urban Southwest, we contribute to the scholarship on the subject with a review of literature on Latino communities. We structure the review as an assessment of the various challenges and opportunities for urban Latinos in the pre-war, postwar, and contemporary city. Focusing on space, culture, economy, and governance, we chart the various roles both the private and public sectors play in meeting these challenges. Our reading of the literature shows that particular government actions in the economic and governance domains in the past had positive impacts on Latino integration, and we call for a similar effort today in addressing contemporary challenges. We conclude by suggesting that future planning scholarship on Latino communities engage the wider urban studies literature, focus on emerging forms of urbanization, and call on planners to sustain increased academic and practical interest in the topic

Taxonomic revision of the spider family Penestomidae (Araneae, Entelegynae)

Conflicting character evidence and a scarcity of male specimens has historically made placement of the spider subfamily Penestominae Simon problematic. The Penestominae was recently removed from the family Eresidae and promoted to family rank based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study; a complementary taxonomic revision of the Penestomidae is presented here. Penestomidae contains a single genus, Penestomus Simon, 1902. The genus Wajane Lehtinen, 1967 was previously included in the Penestominae, and distinguished from Penestomus based on the lack of a cribellum. Wajane is, in fact, cribellate, and is here synonymized with Penestomus N

Convergent setal morphology in sand-covering spiders suggests a design principle for particle capture

Sicarius and Homalonychus are unrelated, desert-dwelling spiders that independently evolved the ability to cover themselves in fine sand particles, making them cryptic against their background. Observations that particles associate with these spiders' setae inspired us to investigate the role of setal microstructure in particle capture and retention. Here we report that Sicarius and Homalonychus convergently evolved numerous high aspect ratio, flexible fibres that we call ‘hairlettes’ protruding from the setal shaft. We demonstrate that particles attach more densely to regions of Homalonychus with hairlettes than to other regions of the same animal where hairlettes are absent, and document close contact of hairlettes to sand particles that persists after applying force. Mathematical models further suggest that adhesion of hairlettes to sand particles is a sufficient mechanism of particle capture and retention. Together, these data provide the first evidence that hairlettes facilitate sand retention through intermolecular adhesion to particles. Their independent evolutionary origins in Sicarius and Homalonychus suggest that the unique setal structure is adaptive and represents a general biomechanical mechanism for sand capture to cuticle. This discovery has implications for the design of inventions inspired by this system, from camouflage to the management of granular systems

Effect of Marination upon Mineral Content and Tenderness of Beef

This study compared marinated and nonmarinated beef to determine differences in semimembranosus muscle tenderness and selected mineral content. The minerals analyzed were iron, zinc, magnesium and sodium. Marination resulted in a significantly more tender muscle, as determined by shear values and trained panel evaluations. Mineral content was significantly affected by marination with substantial losses of iron, zinc, and magnesium and increased sodium. Marination would be a feasible method of enhancing tenderness of more economical cuts of beef; however, the subsequent loss and/or gain of minerals should be considered. Copyright © 1983, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserve