Efeito da pré-estimulação ovariana sobre características de oócitos após punção folicular em bovinos Effect of ovarian pre-stimulation on the ultrasound-guided follicular puncture

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da pré-estimulação ovariana com FSH e da imunização ativa contra inibina suína sobre o número e classificação morfológica de oócitos recuperados por punção folicular. Catorze vacas da raça Gir, pluríparas e não-lactantes, foram distribuídas em: TI - submetidas a pré-estimulação com 250 UI de FSH (n=4), TII - submetidas a imunização ativa contra inibina suína (n=4) e TIII - não tratadas (n=6; controle). Todos os animais tiveram seus folículos com diâmetro superior a três milímetros aspirados uma vez por semana, durante 10 semanas consecutivas. O TI apresentou aumento na população folicular total (P<0,05) e no número de folículos puncionados (P<0,001), porém a taxa de recuperação foi inferior à dos tratamentos II e III (68,8% vs. 78,4% e 76,3%, respectivamente; P<0,01). O TII não afetou as principais características ovarianas, exceto pelo aumento no número de folículos de tamanho médio (P<0,01). O TI produziu maior percentual de oócitos viáveis (77,2% vs. 69,8%; P<0,05) e de oócitos de Grau I (19,8% vs. 11,6%; P<0,001) do que o TIII. Os tratamentos I e II reduziram o percentual de oócitos degenerados (16,4% e 16,8% vs. 22,3%; P<0,05). A pré-estimulação ovariana com FSH demonstrou ser a alternativa mais consistente para aumentar a qualidade dos oócitos recuperados de vacas zebuínas.<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ovarian pre-stimulation with FSH and active immunization against swine inhibin on the number and quality of oocytes recovered by follicular puncture. Pluriparous, non-lactating Gir cows (n=14) were distributed as: TI - pre-treatment with 250 IU of FSH (n=4), TII - active immunization against swine inhibin (n=4) and TIII - not treated (n=6; control group). All animals had their ovarian follicles above three millimeters in diameter aspirated once a week during 10 consecutive weeks. The TI presented an increase in total follicular population (P<0.05) and in the number of punctured follicles (P<0.001), but reduced recovery rate when compared to treatments II and III (68.8% vs. 78.4% and 76.3%, respectively; P<0.01). The TII did not affect the main ovarian characteristics, except for an increase in the number of medium follicles (P<0.01). Treatment I yielded a higher percentage of viable oocytes (77.2% vs. 69.8%; P<0.05) and oocytes Grade I (19.8% vs. 11.6%; P<0.001) than TIII. Both treatments I and II resulted in reduction of the percentage of degenerated oocytes (16.4% and 16.8% vs. 22.3%; P<0.05). Ovarian pre-stimulation with FSH was the most consistent treatment for increasing quality of oocytes recovered from Zebu cattle

Drugs and Violence in Afghanistan: A Panel Var With Unobserved Common Factor Analysis

This paper addresses the relationship between the level of violence and the opium market in Afghanistan's provinces. We first provide an overview of the nature and extent of the Afghan drug trafficking. This is followed by a vector autoregressive analysis of the nexus opium-insurgency activities using monthly time-series data on opium prices and the number of security incidents for 15 Afghan provinces over the period 2004-2009. We use a multifactor error structure, the common correlated effect, to include unobservable common factors; Impulse Response functions to describe the time path of the dependent variables in response to shocks; and the mean group estimator to summarize our results across the provinces. Results suggest a conflict-induced reduction in opium prices, while the reverse opium-violence mechanism is mostly negligible. Moreover, unobservable common factors are the main drivers of opium prices and violence