6,189 research outputs found
Modal Logics that Bound the Circumference of Transitive Frames
For each natural number we study the modal logic determined by the class
of transitive Kripke frames in which there are no cycles of length greater than
and no strictly ascending chains. The case is the G\"odel-L\"ob
provability logic. Each logic is axiomatised by adding a single axiom to K4,
and is shown to have the finite model property and be decidable.
We then consider a number of extensions of these logics, including
restricting to reflexive frames to obtain a corresponding sequence of
extensions of S4. When , this gives the famous logic of Grzegorczyk, known
as S4Grz, which is the strongest modal companion to intuitionistic
propositional logic. A topological semantic analysis shows that the -th
member of the sequence of extensions of S4 is the logic of hereditarily
-irresolvable spaces when the modality is interpreted as the
topological closure operation. We also study the definability of this class of
spaces under the interpretation of as the derived set (of limit
points) operation.
The variety of modal algebras validating the -th logic is shown to be
generated by the powerset algebras of the finite frames with cycle length
bounded by . Moreover each algebra in the variety is a model of the
universal theory of the finite ones, and so is embeddable into an ultraproduct
of them
Canonical extensions and ultraproducts of polarities
J{\'o}nsson and Tarski's notion of the perfect extension of a Boolean algebra
with operators has evolved into an extensive theory of canonical extensions of
lattice-based algebras. After reviewing this evolution we make two
contributions. First it is shown that the failure of a variety of algebras to
be closed under canonical extensions is witnessed by a particular one of its
free algebras. The size of the set of generators of this algebra can be made a
function of a collection of varieties and is a kind of Hanf number for
canonical closure. Secondly we study the complete lattice of stable subsets of
a polarity structure, and show that if a class of polarities is closed under
ultraproducts, then its stable set lattices generate a variety that is closed
under canonical extensions. This generalises an earlier result of the author
about generation of canonically closed varieties of Boolean algebras with
operators, which was in turn an abstraction of the result that a first-order
definable class of Kripke frames determines a modal logic that is valid in its
so-called canonical frames
Morphisms and Duality for Polarities and Lattices with Operators
Structures based on polarities have been used to provide relational semantics
for propositional logics that are modelled algebraically by non-distributive
lattices with additional operators. This article develops a first order notion
of morphism between polarity-based structures that generalises the theory of
bounded morphisms for Boolean modal logics. It defines a category of such
structures that is contravariantly dual to a given category of lattice-based
algebras whose additional operations preserve either finite joins or finite
meets. Two different versions of the Goldblatt-Thomason theorem are derived in
this setting
Gender Equality and Human Rights
The achievement of substantive equality is understood as having four dimensions: redressing disadvantage; countering stigma, prejudice, humiliation and violence; transforming social and institutional structures; and facilitating political participation and social inclusion. The paper shows that, although not articulated in this way, these dimensions are clearly visible in the application by the various interpretive bodies of the principles of equality to the enjoyment of treaty rights. At the same time, it shows that there are important ways in which these bodies could go further, both in articulating the goals of substantive equality and in applying them when assessing compliance by States with international obligations of equality. The substantive equality approach, in its four-dimensional form, provides an evaluative tool with which to assess policy in relation to the right to gender equality. The paper elaborates on the four-dimensional approach to equality and how it can be used to evaluate the impact of social and economic policies on women to determine how to make the economy 'work for women' and advance gender equality. The paper suggests that there is a growing consensus at the international level on an understanding of substantive equality that reflects the four dimensional framework. This paper was produced for UN Women's flagship report "Progress of the World's Women 2015-2016" and is released as part of the UN Women discussion paper series
A secular increase in continental crust nitrogen during the Precambrian
Recent work indicates the presence of substantial geologic nitrogen
reservoirs in the mantle and continental crust. Importantly, this geologic
nitrogen has exchanged between the atmosphere and the solid Earth over time.
Changes in atmospheric nitrogen (i.e. atmospheric mass) have direct effects on
climate and biological productivity. It is difficult to constrain, however, the
evolution of the major nitrogen reservoirs through time. Here we show a secular
increase in continental crust nitrogen through Earth history recorded in
glacial tills (2.9 Ga to modern), which act as a proxy for average upper
continental crust composition. Archean and earliest Palaeoproterozoic tills
contain 66 100 ppm nitrogen, whereas Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic tills
contain 290 165 ppm nitrogen, whilst the isotopic composition has
remained constant at ~4\permil. Nitrogen has accumulated in the continental
crust through time, likely sequestered from the atmosphere via biological
fixation. Our findings support dynamic, non-steady state behaviour of nitrogen
through time, and are consistent with net transfer of atmospheric N to geologic
reservoirs over time.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, supplemental informatio
- …