19 research outputs found
Neuroenteric cyst of the left lateral ventricle: case report and review of the literature
KSHV Manipulates Notch Signaling by DLL4 and JAG1 to Alter Cell Cycle Genes in Lymphatic Endothelia
Increased expression of Notch signaling pathway components is observed in Kaposi sarcoma (KS), but the mechanism underlying the manipulation of the canonical Notch pathway by the causative agent of KS, Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), has not been fully elucidated. Here, we describe the mechanism through which KSHV directly modulates the expression of the Notch ligands JAG1 and DLL4 in lymphatic endothelial cells. Expression of KSHV-encoded vFLIP induces JAG1 through an NF kappa B-dependent mechanism, while vGPCR upregulates DLL4 through a mechanism dependent on ERK. Both vFLIP and vGPCR instigate functional Notch signalling through NOTCH4. Gene expression profiling showed that JAG1- or DLL4-stimulated signaling results in the suppression of genes associated with the cell cycle in adjacent lymphatic endothelial cells, indicating a role for Notch signaling in inducing cellular quiescence in these cells. Upregulation of JAG1 and DLL4 by KSHV could therefore alter the expression of cell cycle components in neighbouring uninfected cells during latent and lytic phases of viral infection, influencing cellular quiescence and plasticity. In addition, differences in signaling potency between these ligands suggest a possible complementary role for JAG1 and DLL4 in the context of KS
Household, community, sub-national and country-level predictors of primary cooking fuel switching in nine countries from the PURE study
Introduction. Switchingfrom polluting (e.g. wood, crop waste, coal)to clean (e.g. gas, electricity) cooking
fuels can reduce household air pollution exposures and climate-forcing emissions.While studies have
evaluated specific interventions and assessed fuel-switching in repeated cross-sectional surveys, the role
of different multilevel factors in household fuel switching, outside of interventions and across diverse
community settings, is not well understood. Methods.We examined longitudinal survey data from
24 172 households in 177 rural communities across nine countries within the Prospective Urban and
Rural Epidemiology study.We assessed household-level primary cooking fuel switching during a
median of 10 years offollow up (∼2005–2015).We used hierarchical logistic regression models to
examine the relative importance of household, community, sub-national and national-level factors
contributing to primary fuel switching. Results. One-half of study households(12 369)reported
changing their primary cookingfuels between baseline andfollow up surveys. Of these, 61% (7582)
switchedfrom polluting (wood, dung, agricultural waste, charcoal, coal, kerosene)to clean (gas,
electricity)fuels, 26% (3109)switched between different polluting fuels, 10% (1164)switched from clean
to polluting fuels and 3% (522)switched between different clean fuels