Networks or structures? : organizing cultural routes around heritage values : case studies from Poland

The most common way of managing cultural heritage recently takes form of cultural routes as they seem to offer a new model of participation in culture to their recipients; they are often a peculiar anchor point for inhabitants to let them understand their identity and form the future; they offer actual tours to enter into interaction with culture and history, to build together that creation of the heritage, which so is becoming not only a touristic product, but, first of all, the space for cultural, social and civic activity. Yet, so far, according to what we know, the research problem concerning the method of cultural route organization (points on the route) into solid structures or more of the networked nature, has not been deliberated. A question arises, what values are brought by routes and how to organize routes to be the carriers of the values important for communities, where routes are functioning. And, as a consequence, if, from the point of view of the values of local communities, organizing solid route structures or organizing more widely-spaced, network-based routes would bring effects and what those effects would be. Thus, the posed question is of course scientifically imprecise because a network is a type of structure but presents a given direction for the development of cultural route structures. Our objective here is to present a certain solidity and rigidity of structure with dynamic and smooth understanding of the network. The research presented in the article is based on 3 case studies. We have selected for this purpose the three largest cultural routes in Poland, organized to various degrees. The outcome of the research was referred also to other cultural route organization research

Bottom-up approach to construct microfabricated multi-layer scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

The use of bottom-up approaches in tissue engineering applications is advantageous since they enable the combination of various layers that could be made from different materials and/or incorporate different biochemical cues. Regarding the complex structure and the vascular system of the bone tissue, the aim of this study was to develop an innovative bottom-up approach that allows the construction of 3D biodegradable scaffolds from 2D microfabricated membranes with precise shape, pore size and porosity. For that purpose, poly (caprolactone) (PCL) and starch – poly (caprolactone) (SPCL (30% starch)) blended sheets were used as substrates to produce the microfabricated membranes using micro hot-embossing. The use of this micro fabrication process allowed accurately imprinting micropillars and microholes in reproducible way. The assembling of the microfabricated membranes was performed using an easy, highly reproducible and inexpensive approach based on its successive stacking. Additionaly, the suitability of the microfabricated membranes to support the attachment and the cytoskeletal organization of human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs), macrovascular endothelial cells and osteoblasts derived from hBMSCs was demonstrated. Furthermore, hBMSCs proliferated and maintained the expression of the stromal progenitor marker STRO-1 when cultured on both PCL and SPCL microfabricated membranes. The proposed methodology constitutes a promising alternative to the traditional processing methods used to prepare tissue engineering scaffolds.This study was financed by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the project MicroNanoScaff (PTDC/CTM/108209/2008)