11 research outputs found
Intellectual disability in international classification of Diseases-11: A developmental perspective
Historically Intellectual Disability (ID) has been included in the International Classification of Disease and related Health Problems [ICD] and Diagnostic and Statistical manual Of Mental Disorders [DSM] from the beginning. There has been a significant change in the terminology, placement of the condition, classification, and defining features as a result of advances in unraveling the development and functionality of the brain and identifying the etiologic basis of intellectual disability. Current approaches view ID from a developmental perspective and rely on both intellectual abilities and adaptive functioning. This article looks into the salient features of “Disorders of Intellectual Development” as it is termed in ICD-11 in comparison with “Mental Retardation” as it was termed in previous ICD-10 and “Intellectual Developmental Disorder” in latest DSM-5 version, and examines the commonalities and differences
Sexuality in Adolescents with Intellectual disability: Felt Needs of Parents
Introduction: Felt needs of primary caregivers of adolescents with intellectual disabilities (AWID) with regard to sexuality issues have been an under researched area. The present study aimed to develop scientific knowledge in this area. This study gave a better insight into the less spoken area of sexuality among adolescents with intellectual disability, especially in the Indian context.
Methodology: An exploratory design was adopted for this study which involved analysing the review of the literature, 20 unstructured interviews, 35 structured individual interviews, 10 key person interviews and 4 focus group discussions with 16 participants. Â Â
Result: The specific concerns of parents with regard to educating sexuality issues of their Intellectually Disabled adolescents were identified.
Conclusion: The findings emphasised the need for adequate knowledge attitude and practice among the parents in order to deal with the sexuality issues of adolescents with intellectual disability. This also laid the base for developing suitable tools and intervention programs for this population. Â
Keywords: Adolescents, sexuality, intellectual disability, needs, parent
Immune aberrations in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a case-control study from a tertiary care neuropsychiatric hospital in India
Multiple studies have identified the presence of peripheral immune aberrations in subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, comprehensive assessment of these peripheral immune aberrations, in the cellular and systemic compartments, in a single group of subjects with ASD is lacking. We assessed proportions of various subsets of immune cells in peripheral blood (T helper cells, T regulatory cells, B cells, monocytes, Natural Killer cells, dendritic cells) by multi-parametric flow cytometry in 50 children with ASD and compared it with thirty healthy controls matched for age, gender, socio-economic status and body mass index. There were no significant differences noted in the proportion of T regulatory cells, B cells, monocytes and Natural Killer cells, between ASD subjects and controls. On the contrary, the proportion of activated Th17 and myeloid dendritic cells were significantly higher in children with ASD. Based on these findings, group comparison of serum levels of Th17 cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-17A) was performed. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-17A in children with ASD corroborated our immunophenotyping findings. We did not find any significant differences among the pro-inflammatory (interleukin-1 beta), Th1 (interferon-gamma) and Th2 (interleukin-4) cytokines. This is the first evidence with concurrent findings from immunophenotyping and cytokine data demonstrating activation of the Th17 pathway in subjects with ASD. This finding assumes significance in the light of recent maternal immune activation mouse model study that has highlighted the role of Th17 pathway in the pathophysiology of ASD. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the role of this dysregulated immune pathway in the development of ASD
Vitamin D status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Case-control study from India
Interventions for Childhood Anxiety Disorders - What Works Best from a Child's Perspective: A Qualitative Study
Moving beyond intelligence in the revision of ICD-10: specific cognitive functions in intellectual developmental disorders
No abstract available
Moving beyond intelligence in the revision of ICD-10: specific cognitive functions in intellectual developmental disorders
A lower level of intelligence, as measured by IQ, has historically been the central defining criterion of mental retardation (MR). The use of IQ scores in terms of standard deviation units from the mean is the basis for defining MR in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR, and more recently for defining intellectual disability (ID) in the DSM-5. Similarly, ID is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as an IQ score approximately two standard deviations below the mean (1). However, in recent years, an increasing number of researchers and clinicians have expressed the view that measurements of IQ fail to capture individual differences in cognitive dysfunction. The heterogeneity of cognitive dysfunction and consequent adaptive behavior profile in persons with MR is one of the reasons leading the working group in charge of this issue within the revision of the ICD-10 to propose a new definition for intellectual developmental disorders (IDD) in the upcoming 11th edition of the diagnostic system (2)
Intellectual developmental disorders: towards a new name, definition and framework for “mental retardation/intellectual disability” in ICD-11
Although “intellectual disability” has widely replaced the
term “mental retardation”, the debate as to whether this entity
should be conceptualized as a health condition or as a disability has intensified
as the revision of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s International
Classification of Diseases (ICD) advances. Defining intellectual disability
as a health condition is central to retaining it in ICD, with significant
implications for health policy and access to health services. This paper presents
the consensus reached to date by the WHO ICD Working Group on the Classification
of Intellectual Disabilities. Literature reviews were conducted and a mixed
qualitative approach was followed in a series of meetings to produce consensus-based
recommendations combining prior expert knowledge and available evidence. The
Working Group proposes replacing mental retardation with intellectual developmental
disorders, defined as “a group of developmental conditions characterized
by significant impairment of cognitive functions, which are associated with
limitations of learning, adaptive behaviour and skills”. The Working
Group further advises that intellectual developmental disorders be incorporated
in the larger grouping (parent category) of neurodevelopmental disorders,
that current subcategories based on clinical severity (i.e., mild, moderate,
severe, profound) be continued, and that problem behaviours be removed from
the core classification structure of intellectual developmental disorders
and instead described as associated features