Standard Operating Procedure and Workplan for the Terrestrial Environmental Observation Network (TEON) – Arctic Landscape Conservation Cooperative: Kuparuk River Basin and Adjacent Catchments

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. i DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................................ ii CONVERSION FACTORS, UNITS, WATER QUALITY UNITS, VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DATUM, ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .............................................. iii 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 2 STATION HISTORY ............................................................................................................. 5 3 DATA COLLECTION METHODS ....................................................................................... 8 3.1 Air Temperature and Relative Humidity ........................................................................ 12 3.2 Wind Speed and Direction ............................................................................................. 14 3.3 Radiation ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.3.1 Net Radiation .......................................................................................................... 15 3.3.2 Shortwave Radiation ............................................................................................... 16 3.3.3 Longwave Radiation ............................................................................................... 17 3.4 Summer Precipitation ..................................................................................................... 18 3.5 Snow Depth .................................................................................................................... 18 3.6 Field Snow Survey ......................................................................................................... 20 3.7 Water Levels .................................................................................................................. 21 3.8 Discharge Measurements ............................................................................................... 23 3.8.1 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler .......................................................................... 25 4 STATION TELEMETRY ..................................................................................................... 28 5 DATALOGGER PROGRAM .............................................................................................. 30 6 METADATA ........................................................................................................................ 31 7 QUALITY CONTROL AND DATA PROCESSING .......................................................... 32 8 DATA REPORTING AND ARCHIVING ........................................................................... 33 9 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 36 10 APPENDIX LIST ................................................................................................................. 3

Negative Interest Rate Policies: Sources and Implications

Against the background of continued growth disappointments, depressed inflation expectations, and declining real equilibrium interest rates, a number of central banks have implemented negative interest rate policies (NIRP) to provide additional monetary policy stimulus over the past few years. This paper studies the sources and implications of NIRP. We report four main results. First, monetary transmission channels under NIRP are conceptually analogous to those under conventional monetary policy but NIRP present complications that could limit policy effectiveness. Second, since the introduction of NIRP, many of the key financial variables have evolved broadly as implied by the standard transmission channels. Third, NIRP could pose risks to financial stability, particularly if policy rates are substantially below zero or if NIRP are employed for a protracted period of time. Potential adverse consequences include the erosion of profitability of banks and other financial intermediaries, and excessive risk taking. However, there has so far been no significant evidence that financial stability has been compromised because of NIRP. Fourth, spillover implications of NIRP for emerging market and developing economies are mostly similar to those of other unconventional monetary policy measures. In sum, NIRP have a place in a policy maker's toolkit but, given their domestic and global implications, these policies need to be handled with care to secure their benefits while mitigating risks

Physical, cognitive, social and mental health in near-centenarians and centenarians living in New York City: findings from the Fordham Centenarian Study

BACKGROUND: Despite their strong increase, the population of the very old, including near-centenarians and centenarians, represent an unstudied and underserved population. Available studies mostly concentrate on predictors of exceptional longevity, but rarely extend their focus to other areas of functioning. Also, little is known about what contributes to experiencing a quality life in very old age. The present population-based study aims at providing a comprehensive picture of key domain of functioning, including physical, cognitive, social and mental function in very old individuals and to determine predictors of mental health indicators. METHODS: A total of 119 individuals aged 95 to 107 living in private dwellings and residential care facilities were recruited based on the New York City Voters Registry. Participants answered questions regarding their health and activities of daily living. Their cognitive functioning was determined using the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Global Deterioration Scale. Social resources were measured with number of children and the Lubben Scale. Mental health was assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. RESULTS: An unexpectedly large proportion of the sample lived in the community. On average, cognitive functioning was high. Although five diseases were reported on average, participants reported good health. Functional status was reduced. Most participants had at least one person for communication/social support. On average, depression was below cut-off, and most participants reported high life satisfaction. Regression analyses indicated that individual differences in depression were associated with subjective health, IADL and relatives support. For life satisfaction, subjective health, ADL and number of children were most important. Demographic characteristics, number of illnesses or cognitive status were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Despite reduced levels of physical functioning and social resources, very old participants were in good mental health suggesting high resilience and ability to adapt to age-associated challenges. That a large proportion of them lived in the community further highlights their desire for leading an autonomous life, which may have been facilitated by New York service culture. More research is necessary to provide guidance for the development of well-suited services for this very old population

Kumpulan Rumus Teknik.

Jakartaxiv, 353 p.; 14 cm