Predicting financial distress:A comparison of survival analysis and decision tree techniques

AbstractFinancial distress and then the consequent failure of a business is usually an extremely costly and disruptive event. Statistical financial distress prediction models attempt to predict whether a business will experience financial distress in the future. Discriminant analysis and logistic regression have been the most popular approaches, but there is also a large number of alternative cutting – edge data mining techniques that can be used. In this paper, a semi-parametric Cox survival analysis model and non-parametric CART decision trees have been applied to financial distress prediction and compared with each other as well as the most popular approaches. This analysis is done over a variety of cost ratios (Type I Error cost: Type II Error cost) and prediction intervals as these differ depending on the situation. The results show that decision trees and survival analysis models have good prediction accuracy that justifies their use and supports further investigation

Financial-distress prediction of Islamic banks using tree-based stochastic techniques

Purpose Financial distress is a socially and economically important problem that affects companies the world over. Having the power to better understand – and hence aid businesses from failing, has the potential to save not only the company, but also potentially prevent economies from sustained downturn. Although Islamic banks constitute a fraction of total banking assets, their importance have been substantially increasing, as their asset growth rate has surpassed that of conventional banks in recent years. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a data set comprising 101 international publicly listed Islamic banks to work on advancing financial distress prediction (FDP) by utilising cutting-edge stochastic models, namely decision trees, stochastic gradient boosting and random forests. The most important variables pertaining to forecasting corporate failure are determined from an initial set of 18 variables. Findings The results indicate that the “Working Capital/Total Assets” ratio is the most crucial variable relating to forecasting financial distress using both the traditional “Altman Z-Score” and the “Altman Z-Score for Service Firms” methods. However, using the “Standardised Profits” method, the “Return on Revenue” ratio was found to be the most important variable. This provides empirical evidence to support the recommendations made by Basel Accords for assessing a bank’s capital risks, specifically in relation to the application to Islamic banking. Originality/value These findings provide a valuable addition to the limited literature surrounding Islamic banking in general, and FDP pertaining to Islamic banking in particular, by showcasing the most pertinent variables in forecasting financial distress so that appropriate proactive actions can be taken. </jats:sec

Correctional Mental Health Providers’ Experiences of Forced Termination on the Working Alliance

This is a study of the experiences of forced terminations in correctional facilities, particularly their impact on the working alliance between mental health service providers and incarcerated patients. The study includes an introduction to the research problem and its context, followed by a discussion of the literature on the working alliance in psychotherapy, conditions of forced terminations in the treatment of the incarcerated, the problem of forced termination and the working alliance in the correctional settings, and the study’s research methodology. The research methodology is qualitative and includes semi-structured interviews of providers in correctional settings and an analysis of these accounts using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The results of this study are based on the major themes found in the interviews. In addition to supervision, participants spoke of the importance of the working alliance to help patients become motivated and “invest” in therapy. To establish a solid alliance, providers suggested using empathy, active listening, and validation as well as non-judgmental and respectful behavior, regardless of the patient’s crimes. Given the unpredictable setting and short-term nature of therapy in correctional settings, providers generally moved fast in sessions and focused on their tasks. The interviewed providers also prepared their patients of the possibility of forced termination and regularly reviewed progress and achievements with them. Further, providers discussed areas of improvements with patients, which they may be able to explore with future therapists. Most providers wished they had the opportunity to help their patients find therapists when forced termination occurred and wanted to be able to contact future providers. Some also wanted to continue contact with the patient during the transition period. These ideas were seen as potential strategies to counteract the negative effect of forced termination. Given the small sample of mental health providers who were interviewed for this study, the findings presented cannot be generalized to apply to all forced termination cases in correctional settings. However, they may enable future researchers to conduct quantitative studies on the development of the working alliance, forced termination outcomes, and their interaction in the correctional setting