84 research outputs found
Institutional regime shift in intellectual property rights and innovation strategies of firms in China
This study develops a novel conceptual framework to understand the differential impact of formal institutional regime shift in intellectual property rights on the innovation and patenting strategies of Chinese and Western firms operating in China. We argue that to the extent that Chinese firms have been deeply embedded in China’s informal institutions, they are less responsive to formal institutional changes than Western firms operating in China. Using the major China patent law reform of 2001 as an exogenous event, we find results consistent with our key arguments: With the strengthening of the previously weak (utility model) patent protection, Chinese firms are less likely to apply for such patents to safeguard their innovations than Western firms. However, this difference becomes less pronounced in regions with higher quality intellectual property rights and legal institutions that foster research and development and innovation, and when Western firms gain longer operational experience in China. This study advances our understanding of the intricate interaction between formal and informal institutions and specifically how “stickiness” may arise in their substitutive relationship because of the embeddedness of firms in informal institutional environments. It also provides important implications for policy and innovation strategies for policy makers and firms in emerging economies. </jats:p
Scaling laws for the (de-)polarization time of relativistic particle beams in strong fields
The acceleration of polarized electrons and protons in strong laser and
plasma fields is a very attractive option to obtain polarized beams in the GeV
range. We investigate the feasibility of particle acceleration in strong fields
without destroying an initial polarization, taking into account all relevant
mechanisms that could cause polarization losses, i.e. the spin precession
described by the T-BMT equation, the Sokolov-Ternov effect and the
Stern-Gerlach force. Scaling laws for the (de-)polarization time caused by
these effects reveal that the dominant polarization limiting effect is the
rotation of the single particle spins around the local electromagnetic fields.
We compare our findings to test-particle simulations for high energetic
electrons moving in a homogeneous electric field. For high particle energies
the observed depolarization times are in good agreement with the analytically
estimated ones.Comment: 17 pages and 4 figure
Polarized electron-beam acceleration driven by vortex laser pulses
We propose a new approach based on an all-optical set-up for generating
relativistic polarized electron beams via vortex Laguerre-Gaussian (LG)
laser-driven wakefield acceleration. Using a pre-polarized gas target, we find
that the topology of the vortex wakefield resolves the depolarization issue of
the injected electrons. In full three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations,
incorporating the spin dynamics via the Thomas-Bargmann Michel Telegdi
equation, the LG laser preserves the electron spin polarization by more than
80% at high beam charge and flux. The method releases the limit on beam flux
for polarized electron acceleration and promises more than an order of
magnitude boost in peak flux, as compared to Gaussian beams. These results
suggest a promising table-top method to produce energetic polarized electron
beams.Comment: We replace some results and revise some description
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