22 research outputs found
ALMS1 and Alström syndrome: a recessive form of metabolic, neurosensory and cardiac deficits
Liquid–liquid–liquid phase-transfer catalysis for cleaner and selective etherification of p-hydroxy-biphenyl with benzyl chloride to 1,1′-biphenyl-4-(phenylmethoxy)
The effectiveness and safety of two prophylactic antibiotic regimes in hip-fracture surgery
The Infrabranchial Musculature and Its Bearing on the Phylogeny of Percomorph Fishes (Osteichthyes: Teleostei)
Effect of oxytocin treatment in sows on umbilical cord morphology, meconium staining, and neonatal mortality of piglets
Complex Interspecific Hybridization in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the Possible Occurrence of Apomixis
Very-Low-Frequency transmitters bifurcate energetic electron belt in near-earth space.
Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) transmitters operate worldwide mostly at frequencies of 10-30 kilohertz for submarine communications. While it has been of intense scientific interest and practical importance to understand whether VLF transmitters can affect the natural environment of charged energetic particles, for decades there remained little direct observational evidence that revealed the effects of these VLF transmitters in geospace. Here we report a radially bifurcated electron belt formation at energies of tens of kiloelectron volts (keV) at altitudes of ~0.8-1.5 Earth radii on timescales over 10 days. Using Fokker-Planck diffusion simulations, we provide quantitative evidence that VLF transmitter emissions that leak from the Earth-ionosphere waveguide are primarily responsible for bifurcating the energetic electron belt, which typically exhibits a single-peak radial structure in near-Earth space. Since energetic electrons pose a potential danger to satellite operations, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of mitigation of natural particle radiation environment