Analysis of the Nutrient Foramen in Human Dry Ulnae of Turkish Population: An Anatomical Study and Current Literature Review

Objective: The nutrient artery which enters through the nutrient foramen (NF) provides blood circulation and nutrition in long bones. This supply is essential during the growing period, the early phases of ossification, and in some surgical procedures. This study aimed to investigate NF in adult human ulnas in the Turkish population. Methods: For this study, 155 (70 right and 85 left) Turkish dry adult human ulnas were used. The presence, number, and patency of NF were recorded as well as its topography and direction. The vertical distance between the most proximal point of the olecranon and the proximal edge of the NF (DONF), and the longitudinal distance between the most ventral point of the coronoid process on the sagittal plane and the proximal edge of the NF (DCpNF) was calculated. Additionally, the foraminal index (FI) was assessed. Results: Single and double NFs were in 139 ulnas (89.67%), and 3 ulnas (1.94%), respectively. NFs were not observed in 13 ulnas (8.39%). The majority of NFs (93.12%) were situated on the anterior surface of the ulna. The direction of all NFs was towards the elbow. The mean DONF and DCpNF were 9.48 ± 1.57 cm, and 6.68 ± 1.44 cm, respectively. The FI was 37.45% in ulnas with a single NF, while it was 41.46% in ulnas with a double NF. Conclusion: Our study has presented additional information such as the FI of ulnas with 2 NFs, and the distance between the coronoid process and NF in the Turkish population

Evaluation of Errors Encountered in Photogrammetric Studies on Lower Extremities

Objective: The aim of our study is to reveal the errors that can be encountered during the shooting of photogrammetric studies on the lower extremities. Methods: We revealed the necessary tools that used during photogrammetry measurements of the lower limb. Also, the errors have been encountered of our two previous studies performed on photogrammetry of lower limbs. The technical errors or incorrect positioning of 20 from 220 volunteers were encountered. Results: The identified errors of 20 volunteers’ photographs related to lower limb were about the inadequate quality image, calibration, poor lightining, positioning error of trunk or parts of lower limb and clothes that cover the anatomical points affected the measurements. Conclusion: Photogrammetry is an important and useful tool for evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and efficacy monitoring. In anatomy, it is frequently used as a time-saving method in terms of measurement and evaluation in the laboratory, which can be applied and repeated for research. For this reason, errors that occur during the lower extremity have been reported and we think that it will be useful for studies on this part of the body and can be a guide

The Quadrate Tubercle: A Morphometric Study

ABSTRACT Objective Quadratus femoris muscle originates from ischial tuberosity and inserts into the quadrate tubercle of femur. Simply quadrate tubercle may be defined to be localized on the intertrochanteric crest. There are only a few more detailed descriptions of its localization. Consequently we have aimed to describe the exact localization of the quadrate tubercle. Material and Methods Morphometric measurements related with quadrate tubercle were performed on 144 adult human femurs. Afterwards proportional calculations between the measured morphometric measurements related with quadrate tubercle were made. Results Mean vertical distance between the most prominent points of greater and lesser trochanters was found as 63.13 mm. Mean vertical distance between the most prominent point of greater trochanter and origin of quadrate tubercle was measured as 21.78 mm. Mean vertical distance between the origin and end of quadrate tubercle was determined as 17.16 mm. Mean vertical distance between the end of quadrate tubercle and most prominent point of lesser trochanter was 24.26 mm. Mean length of femur was measured as 425.47 mm. Origin of quadrate tubercle was meanly found in the upper 35% of the distance between the most prominent points of greater and lesser trochanters and end of quadrate tubercle was meanly found to be located in the upper 62% of the same distance. Conclusion As location of quadrate tubercle hasn’t been discussed in detail yet, we believe that this study will be instructive for further anatomical or clinical studies related with it.Anahtar KelimelerQuadrate tubercle,Intertrochanteric crest,Quadratus femoris muscl

The Quadrate Tubercle: A Morphometric Study

ABSTRACT Objective: Quadratus femoris muscle originates from ischial tuberosity and inserts into the quadrate tubercle of femur. Simply quadrate tubercle may be defined to be localized on the intertrochanteric crest. There are only a few more detailed descriptions of its localization. Consequently, we have aimed to describe the exact localization of the quadrate tubercle on femur. Material and Methods: Morphometric measurements related to quadrate tubercle were performed on 144 adult dry human femurs. Afterwards proportional calculations between the measured morphometric measurements related to quadrate tubercle were made. Results: Mean vertical distance between the most prominent points of greater and lesser trochanters was found as 63.1 mm. Mean vertical distance between the most prominent point of greater trochanter and origin of quadrate tubercle was measured as 21.8 mm. Mean vertical distance between the origin and end of quadrate tubercle was determined as 17.2 mm. Mean vertical distance between the end of quadrate tubercle and most prominent point of lesser trochanter was 24.3 mm. Mean length of femur was measured as 425.4 mm. The mean origin of quadrate tubercle was found in the upper 35% of the distance between the most prominent points of greater and lesser trochanters and the mean end of quadrate tubercle was found to be located in the upper 62% of the same distance. Conclusion: As location of quadrate tubercle has not been discussed in detail yet, we believe that this study will be instructive for further anatomical dry bone and Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies. Keywords: Quadrate Tubercle; Intertrochanteric Crest; Quadratus Femoris Muscl