Influence of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, extent of ruminal fermentation as well as milk production and composition in dairy cows

This experiment studied effects of a mixture of exogenous enzymes (ZADO®) from anaerobic bacteria on ruminal fermentation, feed intake, digestibility, as well as milk production and composition in cows fed total mixed rations (TMRs; 0.7 corn silage and 0.3 of a concentrate mixture). Twenty lactating multiparous Brown Swiss cows (500±12.4 kg live weight) were randomly assigned into two experimental groups of 10 immediately after calving and fed a TMR with or without (CTRL) addition of 40 g/cow/d of enzymes for 12 weeks. Addition of enzymes increased (P<0.05) rumen microbial N synthesis. Intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) was positively influenced (P<0.05) by supplementation, and digestibility of all nutrients was higher (P<0.05) in the total tract of supplemented cows, although the magnitude of the improvement varied among nutrients, with the highest improvement in aNDFom and ADFom (418–584 and 401–532 g/kg respectively; P<0.05) than the other nutrients. Supplementation of enzymes also increased (P<0.05) rumen ammonia N and total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and individual SCFA proportions were also altered with an increase in acetate (61.0–64.8 mol/100 mol; P=0.05) before feeding, and acetate and propionate increased 3 h post-feeding (60.0–64.0 and 18.3–20.8 mol/100 mol respectively; P<0.05). Milk and milk protein production was higher (12.8–15.7 and 0.45–0.57 kg/d respectively; P<0.05) forcowsfed the ZADO® supplemented diet. This exogenous enzyme product, supplemented daily to the TMR of cows in early lactation, increased milk production due to positive effects on nutrient intake and digestibility, extent of ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis

Influence of Vitamins and Exogenous Enzymes Combination on alleviating Heat Stress in Lactating Ewes under Egyptian Summer Conditions

The present experiment was designed to study the effects of vitamin mixtures and exogenous enzymes ZADO® in alleviaties heat stress in ewes in summer temperatures (25-44°C) compared with winter temperatures (8-22°C). Fifty lactating Ossimi ewes were divided randomly into 5 treatment groups. In summer, the experiment included four treatments: (i) control i.e., normal summer conditions, no supplements (control 2), (ii) ewes supplemented with 10 g/head/day of ZADO® mixed in the concentrate, (iii) ewes supplemented with vitamin AD3E (250 mg/kg BW) and C (45 mg/kg BW) mixture, and (iv) ewes supplemented with ZADO® and vitamin mixture as above. In winter, the treatment comprised of assessments only under normal winter condition (8 to 22°C) without any additives (control 1). Blood and milk samples from each ewe were collected biweekly throughout lactation. Results indicate that plasma total protein, total lipids and glucose, and milk production and composition were decreased (P<0.01) in summer compared with winter. Addition of ZADO® increased plasma total protein, glucose, milk production, protein and lactose as compared with summer control (control 2). Vitamin mixture increased (P<0.01) plasma total protein, milk production and milk protein, but had no effect on total lipids, glucose, milk fat and lactose. Combination of vitamin mixture with ZADO® addition increased the ability of lactating ewes to alleviate hea

Influence of Exogenous Enzymes on In Vitro Ruminal Degradation of Ensiled Rice Straw with DDGS

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous enzymes (ENZ) on nutrient profile and ruminal degradability of rice straw (RS), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and their mixture (RS with 10% DDGS). Ten samples of each fibrous feed were mixed with ZAD® (mixture of cellulases, xylanaxes, proteases and alpha amylase). ENZ was added at 0, 1 and 3 L to one ton of the fibrous feeds and the mixture was ensiled for 30 days. Feed samples were incubated for 72 h in rumen liquor of sheep to determine the degradability of DM, NDF and ADF. Pretreatment of feeds and their mixture (RS and DDGS) with ENZ at 3 L were increased (P<0.01) the degradation of NDF and ADF. Degradation fractions (a, b, (a+b) and c) of feeds were improved (P<0.01) at 3 L of ENZ, except the c of NDF and ADF of RS which were not affected by ENZ treatment. The results suggested a strong potential in improving digestion of RS and DDGS as well as their mixture with the pretreatment with ENZ. The dose of 3 L/ton of fibrous product improved the DM, NDF and ADF degradability

Influence of Exogenous Enzymes on In Vitro Gas Production Kinetics and Dry Matter Degradability of a High Concentrate Diet

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of an exogenous enzyme mixture on in vitro gas production (GP), in vitro dry matter degradability (DMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in growing lambs fed a high concentrate diet. ZADO® (ENZ) is a powdered, commercially available multi-enzyme feed additive produced from Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Four levels of ENZ (i.e., 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/g DM; or EO, E5, E10 and E20, respectively) were applied directly to the substrate inside the incubation bottles before addition of buffer medium and rumen fluid, and the treatments were assayed in triplicate runs. Addition of ENZ linearly increased (P<0.05) GP at 6 and 96 h of incubation and tended (P=0.08) to linearly increase GP at 12, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Asymptotic GP was increased linearly (P=0.05) as the level of ENZ increased and the lag time decreased linearly (P=0.003). Concurrently, DMD increased linearly (P<0.001) as the level of ENZ increased, but level of ENZ had no effect on SCFA and ME. Finally, level of ENZ had no influence on rate of gas production. Results suggest that this enzyme preparation has potential to improve efficiency of utilization of high concentrate diets fed to growing lambs

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus Spent Rice Straw

The nutritive value of rice straw (RS) and Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw (SRS) was studied by analyzing its proximate composition, fiber fractions, in vitro digestibility, amino acids content and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The possibility of replacing berseem clover (BC; Trifolium alexandrinum) with SRS at different levels also was studied. Results showed higher protein content for SRS compared to RS (3.4 to 11.7%) while, DM, OM, NFE, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose were less for SRS than for RS. Highest concentration of amino acids (mg/100 g) was in SRS compared to RS. The SEM showed an extensive damage of SRS when compared to RS. Data also showed that SRS had higher in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD) and in vitro organic matter disappearance (OMD) compared to RS. Results of in vitro study also, indicated that the levels of 50 and 90% replacement had the highest values of DMD and OMD compared to the other levels. It could be concluded from this study that treatment of RS with Pleurotus ostreatus improved the potential feeding value of the resultant substrates (i.e. SRS) as feed resources for ruminants and possibility of replacing BC with SRS at high levels of up to 50 or 90% from diets

Effect of exogenous enzymes and Salix babylonica extract or their combination on haematological parameters in growing lambs

The aim of this study was to compare the use of exogenous enzyme preparations (EZ) and/or Salix babylonica extract (SB) or their combination as feed additives on some haematological parameters in growing lambs. Twenty Suffolk lambs of 6 to 8-months-old with 24±0.3 kg body weight were used in the study. Lambs were divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each in a completely randomized design and the treatments were: 1.control: fed a basal diet of concentrate (30%) and maize silage (70%); 2. EZ: fed the basal diet plus 10 g of enzyme; 3. SB: fed the basal diet plus 30 ml of S. babylonica extract, and 4. EZSB: fed the basal diet plus 10 g enzyme and 30 ml of S. babylonica extract. Lambs were housed in individual cages and the experiment was conducted for 60 days. The SB was given orally while the EZ was mixed with a small amount of the concentrate and maize silage and was offered ad libitum. Blood samples were collected from each animal on days 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 of experiment and analysed for haematological parameters. The treatments of EZ, SB or EZSB did not affect any of the measured blood parameters. Day of sampling modified concentrations of red blood cells (P=0.001; linear effect), haematocrit (P=0.01; quadratic effect), haemoglobin (P=0.01; linear effect), mean corpuscular volume (P=0.01; linear effect), monocytes (P=0.004; quadratic effect) and plasma protein (P=0.0002; linear effect). It could be concluded that Salix babylonica extract, exogenous enzymes and their combination as feed additives had not a negative effects on the blood parameters measured and therefore on the health of the lambs

Effects of exogenous enzymes on in vitro gas production kinetics and ruminal fermentation of four fibrous feeds

This study was conducted to investigate effects of increasing doses: 0 (control), 6 (low), 12 (medium) and 24 (high) mg/g DM of ZADO® enzyme preparation mixture (ENZ) on in vitro gas production (GP) and some ruminal fermentation parameters of the fibrous feeds Saccharum officinarum (leaves), Andropogon gayanus (leaves), Pennisetum purpureum (leaves) and Sorghum vulgare (straw). Rumen liquor was obtained from two Brown Swiss cows fitted with permanent rumen cannulae fed a total mixed ration of a 500:500 commercial concentrate and alfalfa hay ad libitum. The GP was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. After 96 h, the incubation was stopped and the pH of the mixture was determined and filtrate used to determine dry matter degradability (DMD), partitioning factor (PF96), gas yield (GY24), in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial crude protien production (MCP). In general, the crude protein (CP) content of the fibrous feeds was low and ranged from 23 g/kg DM (S. officinarum) to 44 (A. gayanus). The fibre contents (i.e., NDFom and ADFom) were highest (P<0.05) in S. officinarum. Increasing ENZ dose linearly increased (P<0.05) GP of all fibrous feeds and had a quadratically increased (P<0.05) asymptotic gas production in P. purpureum and S. vulgare and rate of gas production in S. officinarum and S. vulgare. Addition of ENZ also quadratically increased (P<0.05) GP at all incubation times in S. officinarum and S. vulgare, and A. gayanus, but only at 72 h in A. gayanus. The parameters of ruminal fermentation of OMD, ME, GY24 and SCFA linearly increased (P<0.05) and MCP linearly decreased (P<0.05) with the ENZ addition. Addition of enzyme affected ruminal fermentation of our feeds differently, mainly dependent on their fibre content, although dosage of enzyme was also important as impacts generally increased at higher dosages of ENZ

Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of feeding Atriplex halimus (AH) silage treated with two developed enzyme cocktails to sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The AH silage was treated without or with 2 L of ZAD1® or ZAD2®/1000 kg with 5% molasses and ensiled for 30 days. Barley grain (300 g/head/day) was fed as an energy supplement once daily at 10.00 hours and AH silage with or without enzyme treatment was offered ad libitum to animals twice daily at 09.00 and 16.00 hours. Sheep were fed on four experimental forage diets comprised of AH silage and barley (D1), AH silage treated with ZAD1® and barley (D2), AH silage treated with ZAD2® and barley (D3) and AH silage treated with a combination of ZAD1® and ZAD2® (1:1) and barley (D4). Ensiling AH with enzymes reduced its contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The dry matter intake of AH of D2, D3 and D4 decreased (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. However, enzyme-treated diets had greater total digestible nutrients intake (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. The nutrients digestibility for D2, D3 and D4 were higher than those for D1 (P < 0.001), and were higher for D3 as compared to both D2 and D4. Sheep fed on D3 had highest (P < 0.001) ruminal total volatile fatty acids concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial protein yield. It could be concluded that AH silage treated with ZAD1® or ZAD2® improved digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep

Effects of Exogenous Enzymes and Salix babylonica L. Extract on Cellular Immune Response and its Correlation with Average Daily Weight Gain in Growing Lambs

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous enzyme (EZ) and Salix babylonica L. (SB) extract on cellular immune response, and its correlation with average daily weight gain (ADG). Twenty Suffolk lambs, 6-8 months of age and average live weight of 24±0.3 kg, were used in a trial which lasted 60 days. The lambs were distributed into 4 groups of 5 lambs each and housed in individual 1.5x1.5 m cages in a completely randomized design. The treatments were: (i) Control; lambs consuming basal diet (BD) only; (ii) EZ; lambs consuming BD plus 10g of EZ (ZADO®); (iii) SB; lambs consuming BD plus 30 mL of SB, and (iv) EZSB; lambs consuming BD plus 10g EZ and 30 mL of SB. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 and analysed for helper T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T limphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. Treatments had no effect on parameters measured, but day of sampling had linear and cubic effects on helper T lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes (P<0.01) and cubic effects on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (P<0.01). The results suggest that EZ and SB have immunosuppressant effects in the first 15 days, after this effect were immunosuppressive on cytotoxic T lymphocytes and granulocytes, for monocytes the effect was immunostimulant. No there were correlation between ADG and cellular immune response in this experiment

Effect of adding Salix babylonica Extracts and Exogenous Enzymes to Basal Diets on the Meat Quality of Growing Suffolk Lambs

It was evaluated the effect of adding Salix babylonica L. extracts and exogenous enzymes in combination or individually on meat quality in growing Suffolk lambs. Animals were divided into 4 groups of 4 animals each in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatments were: (i) Control: basal diet of concentrate (30%) mixture and corn silage roughage (70%); (ii) EZE (exogenous enzymes): basal diet plus 10 g of enzyme (Zado®); (iii) SB (Salix babylonica): basal diet plus 30 ml of S babylonica extracts, and (iv) EZESB (exogenous enzymes + Salix babylonica): basal diet plus 10 g enzyme and 30 ml of S. Babylonica extracts. Lambs were housed in individual cages for 60 days. Extracts were dosed orally while EZE was mixed with concentrate. At the end of the trial, lambs were slaughtered and Longissimus dorsi samples were analysed. Samples were analysed for CP, CF, ash and DM. Meat quality parameters included color, pH, carcass temperature and kidney fat. No significant differences for live weight, chemical composition, as well as hot carcass weight and cold, initial and final temperature and kideny fat. Meat lightness (variable L *) and pHf were improved (P<0.05) with EZESB treatment compared to the other three treatments, and the most optimal pHf four treatments being the most acidic. Lambs fed SB or EZE were not different from the control. In conclusion, a combined administration of EZESB to the basal diet improves meat quality by reducing the pH and increasing its lightness when compared to either EZE or SB, individually