Sustaining the supply of White Gold: The case of SysCom innovation platforms in India

Increasing concerns about global food security, depleting fossil reserves and diminishing natural resources question the continuation of energy-intensive conventional agriculture and emphasize the importance of sustainable alternatives such as organic agriculture. Even though organic farming is more ecologically sustainable and often economically advantageous, widespread adoption is limited as farmers making adoption-decisions are faced with challenging trade-offs (e.g. lower yields in the short term, limited options for crop nutrition and pest control and non-existence of markets for organic produce). This highlights the importance of innovation platforms involving relevant stakeholders (farmers, researchers, extensionists, etc.) in decision-making processes to overcome system trade-offs. Studies conducted in temperate zones have provided experimental evidence on the benefits of organic agriculture, but scientific data on this issue from (sub)tropical zones are scarce. In order to fill this knowledge gap and to provide appropriate innovation platforms, the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) has set up a programme (SysCom) in Kenya, India and Bolivia. Started in 2006-07, SysCom includes a network of long-term farming systems comparison experiments (LTE) and participatory on-farm research (POR) trials. The combination of LTEs and PORs facilitates decision-making processes by involving local stakeholders in the process of innovation development, thereby overcoming system trade-offs. In the following, the project in India is presented as it provides an exemplar showcasing these processes. Established in 2006 in the Nimar Region, the LTE has served as a meeting point around sustainable agriculture with hundreds of visitors annually. Involved stakeholders included a contract farming cooperation, an NGO, researchers, an organic cotton trading and processing company (providing assured market access to organic farmers), as well as donors representing NGOs, retailers and governmental development agencies. Cotton farming is the main livelihood activity in the project area. Most local farmers grow transgenic Bt cotton (90% of cotton area) on farms sized between 0.25 and 5 ha. However, there are tens of thousands organic cotton farmers cultivating on the predominant regional soil type: alkaline Vertisols (“black cotton soils”). The precipitation reactions of phosphorous (P) ions under alkaline conditions result in low P availability for plant growth. This poses a particular problem to organic farmers because their choices of P fertilizers are limited. Consequently, the insufficient P supply negatively affects cotton fiber quality. To improve the plant availability of P contained in local rock phosphate (RP), we assessed local practices and constraints through focus group discussions in 2009. Subsequently, the combination of LTE and PORs was capitalized to address the issue from 2010-11 through 2014-15. We found that solubilizing RP with butter milk (BM) for one week in a ratio BM:RP = 10:1 may be optimal for increasing P availability, and that local farmers favored a shaded, shallow pit system for conserving their farm yard manure (FYM). Combining these insights led to the formulation of the “RP-enriched-FYM (RP-FYM)” technology. Thereafter, five local lead farmers started producing RP-FYM. Each lead farmer was associated with several farmers for training and distribution of the first RP-FYM load for trials with cotton, soybean and wheat on some 40 farms. Results showed mean yield increases in the RP-FYM treatment (compared to farmers’ practices) of 41%, 40% and 14% for seed cotton, soybean and wheat grains, respectively. Results were consistent across different types of soils and farms. To enhance knowledge transfer and adoption, a competition was launched. In a ceremony with some 100 farmers, the farmer who produced the best RP-FYM was awarded with a cow and calf, while the other participants were rewarded with consolation prizes. The award ceremony was capitalized for dissemination and encouragement to spread the information by word to mouth; illustrated leaflets were distributed in English and Hindi. Posters were distributed to the extension centers with an outreach to 5’000-9’000 organic cotton farmers. It became apparent that farmer to farmer extension is a powerful tool which increases the acceptance of novel technologies. Through facilitating stakeholder exchange/mutual learning, the project has overcome a technological challenge through development of the RP-FYM technology. Consequently, organic cotton farmers increased their crop yields, thereby tackling food security with limited resources. This contributed to their livelihoods and gave them more flexibility for decision-making. The RP-FYM technology contributes to climate change mitigation because the energy-intensive production of synthetic P fertilizers from RP is not necessary. Potential improvements of the technology are currently being explored in further trials, and the socioeconomic sustainability is being addressed to elucidate potential constraints for widespread adoption. Local availability of FYM and its market characteristics/dynamics are being investigated, as the availability of biomass for organic cultivation and the respective land and labor needed to produce, collect and transform the biomass is a major research need for organic farming systems. In the same way, we are currently capitalizing our innovation platform to develop locally adapted technologies for organic pest control, another major constraint for organic cotton production in smallholder contexts

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) - A rich staple crop neglected by research

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are widely grown throughout the tropics. Three yam species constitute the staple for more than 60 million people in five West African coastal countries, where more than 90% of the world's production takes place. Here we give a general introduction to yams, including their origin and geographic distribution as well as different types of yams common in Africa and Asia, and outline their uses. However, the main body in this chapter pertains to the agricultural production practices, including information on climatic requirements, soil type and land preparation, propagation, agronomic practices, pests and diseases (and their control), harvesting, curing and storage. Finally, we elaborate on the need for future research, in particular on the development of sustainable yam cropping systems which ensure sustained farm income

Delay Impact on MPEG OMAF's Tile-Based Viewport-Dependent 360° Video Streaming

With the continuously increasing attention that 360 degrees video streaming is drawing, several solutions have been developed lately. They can be grouped into two main categories, with the first one being the viewport-independent category that consists of encoding the whole 360 degrees video content using a particular projection, e.g., Equirectangular Projection or Cubemap Projection, without taking any viewport orientation into account. Such approaches waste resources since content not being watched by the user is encoded with the same visual fidelity as the content actually watched. The second category, the viewport-dependent category, relies on techniques that allow for viewport adaptivity. One approach is to apply viewport-dependent projections, wherein the spherical 360 degrees video is mapped onto a rectangular frame in such a way that a specific viewport is mapped to a comparatively larger part of the rectangular frame than the rest of the content. Another approach, as specified in MPEG OMAF, is to use tile-based streaming, with the 360 degrees video being offered in a tiled manner at various resolutions. Thus, each user can retrieve the tiles at different resolutions so that the high-resolution tiles match its viewport. Although viewport-dependent approaches allow providing better visual quality at the viewport, the end-to-end delay is critical, since it has an impact on the time needed by clients to adapt to user movements so that movements are reflected on the retrieved content. In this paper, we analyze the impact of the delay and introduce various means to reduce the impact on the observed fidelity