Induction of defense responses in common bean plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a bio-agent and Rhizoctonia root rot disease of common bean plant was investigated in this study under natural conditions in pot experiment. A mixture of Egyptian formulated AM (Multi-VAM) in suspension form (1x10(6)unitL(-1) in concentration) was used at dilution of 5mlL(-1) water. The results demonstrated that colonization of bean plants with AM fungi significantly increased growth parameters, yield parameters and mineral nutrient concentrations and reduced the negative effects on these parameters as well as both disease severity and disease incidence. Different physical and biochemical mechanisms have been shown to play a role in enhancement of plant resistance against Rhizoctonia solani, namely, improved plant nutrition, improved plant growth, increase in cell wall thickening, cytoplasmic granulation, and accumulation of some antimicrobial substances (phenolic compounds and defense related enzymes)

Chemical Compositions and Antiproliferative Effect of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurautium Flowers in The Nest Anatolian Ecological Conditions

The aim of this was to assessment chemical composition, antiproliferative of valuable essential oils from Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium flowers commonly used in Anatolia. According to the results of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, nerolidol (22.13 \%), linalool (14.06 \%) were found to be highest in the essential oil obtained from C. sinensis. Nerolidol (28.07 \%), 2,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol (15.11 \%), were found to be highest in the essential oil obtained from C. aurantium. The antiproliferative activity for both natural products was conducted following the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0 protocol. According to this protocol, we in both products for in vitro antiproliferative activity against HeLa, HT29, A549, Hep3B, MCF7 cancer cells and FL normal cells using a cell proliferation assay, cytotoxicity assay (LDH), and phase-contrast microscopic image evaluation techniques. Both essential oils exhibited the strong antiproliferative effect together with low cytotoxicity values at the low and mid concentration (1.9-2.9 Log(10) mu g/mL). Both samples altered the morphological shape of the cells from being cell shrinkage and rounding to being decreased cell elongation and volume at high concentration (2.9-4.4 Log(10) mu g/mL). However, these essentials oils caused high cytotoxic effect against FL normal cells compared to that of cancer cells, indicating that these were not promising suitable antiproliferative agents against cells tested. We believe that both essential oils need to be developed by making a more rational research because they have affected normal FL cells. As a conclusion, it seems substantial to continue to improve both essential oils to help the cancer problem further