14 research outputs found
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Pre-Tinning and Flux Considerations of the Reliability of Solder Surface
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Effect of Surface Condition on the Solderability of Pre-tinned Cu Sheet
Influence of moderate energy restriction and seafood consumption on bone turnover in overweight young adults
BACKGROUND:
Overweight and obesity are increasing in young adults. However, moderate energy restriction aimed at lowering body weight may promote bone turnover and bone loss. Inclusion of fish or fish oils in a weight-loss diet may attenuate these adverse skeletal effects.
OBJECTIVE:
We examined the effects of incorporating fish or fish oil into an energy-restricted diet on bone turnover markers in young overweight adults.
DESIGN:
While following a strict hypoenergetic (-30% relative to estimated requirements) diet for 8 wk, 276 overweight men and women [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 27.5-32.5; age: 20-40 y) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary groups: sunflower-oil capsules (3 g/d; control), cod (3 x 150 g/wk), salmon (3 x 150 g/wk), and fish-oil capsules (3 g/d). Body weight, bone biomarkers, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured at baseline and endpoint. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance and general linear models.
RESULTS:
The mean (+/-SD) weight loss was 5.14 +/- 3.0 kg (5.8% +/- 3.2% body weight) during the 8 wk in the 4 dietary groups combined. Urinary N-telopeptides of type I collagen and serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen increased (P 0.1) on the changes in bone markers induced by weight loss. In contrast, increased salmon consumption increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS:
A nutritionally adequate but energy-restricted diet, with different contents of n-3 fatty acids, which resulted in modest weight loss, unfavorably altered bone turnover markers in young overweight adults. Such changes were not prevented by increased fish or fish-oil consumptio
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Pre-tinning and flux considerations on the reliability of solder surface
The kinetics of wetting were studied on several different prepared surfaces of copper (Cu) to simulate the microstructure observed in pre-tinned Cu-clad printed circuit boards. The results illustrate the effectiveness of pre-tinning in maintaining the solderability of Cu surfaces. Pre-tinning with Pb-rich solder (95Pb-5Sn) is particularly effective since solderability is preserved even after a relatively long aging treatment. On the other hand, pre-tinning with eutectic solder risks the loss of solderability during aging or baking due to surface exposure of an {var epsilon}-phase intermetallic with poor wetting properties. The results also confirm the presence of carbon in pre-tinned specimens due to the use of flux. The effect of carbon on solderability is not yet known. 13 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab