Use of dispersion modelling for Environmental Impact Assessment of biological air pollution from composting: Progress, problems and prospects

© 2017 The Authors With the increase in composting as a sustainable waste management option, biological air pollution (bioaerosols) from composting facilities have become a cause of increasing concern due to their potential health impacts. Estimating community exposure to bioaerosols is problematic due to limitations in current monitoring methods. Atmospheric dispersion modelling can be used to estimate exposure concentrations, however several issues arise from the lack of appropriate bioaerosol data to use as inputs into models, and the complexity of the emission sources at composting facilities. This paper analyses current progress in using dispersion models for bioaerosols, examines the remaining problems and provides recommendations for future prospects in this area. A key finding is the urgent need for guidance for model users to ensure consistent bioaerosol modelling practices

Artist\u27s Rest

Stereographic black and white photograph of a group of people by the riversidehttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/hamilton-thayer-stereographs/1075/thumbnail.jp

Kineo House from Trout Point no 21

Stereographic black and white photograph of the large lawn of Kineo Househttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/hamilton-thayer-stereographs/1080/thumbnail.jp

Seeboomook Lodge

Stereographic black and white photograph of two men in front of a cabin in the woodshttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/hamilton-thayer-stereographs/1015/thumbnail.jp

So. eastern Falls

Stereographic black and white photograph of a small stream cascading onto a river where men are gathered with canoeshttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/hamilton-thayer-stereographs/1044/thumbnail.jp

Mouthpart structure, feeding mechanisms, and natural food sources of adult Bactrocera (diptera: tephritidae)

Mouthpart structure, feeding mechanisms, and natural sources of food of the adults of 4 species of fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera-B. tryoni (Froggatt), B. jarvisi (Tryon), B. cacuminata (Hering), and B. cucumis (French)-were studied. When exposed to dry or semisolid food, adult flies always regurgitated fluid from their crop to liquefy and dissolve the food substrate. The regurgitated liquid, along with the dissolved food, was then reingested. Flies without fluid in their crops were unable to liquefy and feed on dry and semisolid food. Liquids were always imbibed without fluids being regurgitated from the crop. Food particles and liquids were ingested only through fine micropores (<0.5 µm) on the pseudotracheae. Particles larger than 0.5 µm were not ingested because the opposing oral lobes were held together tightly during feeding so that the oral opening was never exposed to the food substrate. In addition, interlocking prestomal spines project across the oral opening and also may help prevent the entry of large particulate matter. Particles larger than bacteria, such as yeasts, fungal spores, and pollen grains that are commonly found on fruit and leaf surfaces where adult flies commonly forage, were thus excluded by the labellar filtering mechanism. This interpretation, together with the results of field observations on their feeding behavior and laboratory and field-feeding experiments (reported elsewhere), suggest that adult fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera use a combination of their fluid-centered mode of feeding and their labellar filtering mechanism to feed on fruit juices, leachates, and bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae), which constitute their primary source of food in nature

Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical properties of a family of 2-(arylazo)phenolate complexes of ruthenium with unusual C-C coupling and N=Ncleavage

Reaction of 2-(4'-R-phenylazo)-4-methylphenols (R = OCH3, CH3, H, Cl, and NO2) with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] affords a family of five ruthenium(III) complexes, containing a 2-(arylazo)phenolate ligand forming a six-membered chelate ring and a tetradentate ligand formed from two 2-(arylazo) phenols via an unusual C-C coupling linki.ng the two ortho carbons of the phenyl rings in the arylazo fragment. A similar reaction with 2-(2'-methylphenylazo)-4-methylphenol with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] has afforded a similar complex, in which one 2-(2'-methylphenylazo)-4-methylphenolate ligand is coordinated forming a six-membered chelate ring, and the other two ligands have undergone the C-C coupling reaction, and the coupled species is coordinated as a tetradentate ligand forming a five-membered N,O-chelate ring, a nine-membered N,N-chelate ring, and another five-membered chelate ring. Reaction of 2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylazo)-4-methylphenol with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] has afforded a complex in which two 2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylazo)-4-methylphenols are coordinated as bidentate N,O-donors forming five- and six-membered chelate rings, while the third one has undergone cleavage across the N=N bond, and the phenolate fragment, thus generated, remains coordinated to the metal center in the iminosemiquinonate form. Structures of four selected complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The first six complexes are one-electron paramagnetic and show rhombic ESR spectra. The last complex is diamagnetic and shows characteristic H-1 NMR signals. All the complexes show intense charge-transfer transitions in the visible region and a Ru(III)-Ru(IV) oxidation on the positive side of SCE and a Ru(III)-Ru(II) reduction on the negative side