Dalle sinusiti odontogene alle complicanze nasosinusali di patologia o trattamento odontoiatrico : un importante cambio di prospettiva

Le sinusiti odontogene sono una patologia di confine tra Chirurgia orale e Otorinolaringoiatria. Il loro impatto sulla pratica clinica sta assumendo dimensioni sempre pi\uf9 importanti anche per la sempre pi\uf9 capillare diffusione delle procedure di riabilitazione implantologica del mascellare superiore. Patologia sino a pochi anni fa ritenuta in via di scomparsa, le sinusiti odontogene sono state oggetto di interesse scientifico crescente negli anni 2000. La pubblicazione di svariati case report e pubblicazioni originali, accanto all\u2019ubiquitaria introduzione nella pratica clinica delle tecniche diagnostiche e chirurgiche di endoscopia nasosinusale, ha portato a importanti cambi di prospettiva nella gestione di queste patologie. Accanto alle sinusiti odontogene classiche, legate alla patologia dentale, si \ue8 passati a includere nella trattazione le complicanze, sia infiammatorie che non, dei trattamenti pre-implantologici, implantologici e odontoiatrici classici. Questa evoluzione nosologica ha portato all\u2019introduzione del concetto di complicanze nasosinusali di patologia o trattamento odontoiatrico (sinonasal complications of dental disease or treatment, SCDDT). Per questo quadro complessivo di forme nosologiche sono state introdotte specifiche classificazioni e protocolli di trattamento. Questo articolo vuole essere un aggiornamento sulle sinusiti odontogene e le SCDDT, proponendo, attraverso il filtro della nostra esperienza ultradecennale, una revisione della letteratura focalizzata sul trattamento multidisciplinare che vede l\u2019odontoiatra, il chirurgo orale/maxilla-facciale e l\u2019otorinolaringoiatra alleati nell\u2019affrontare in modo integrato queste patologie. Vengono presentati anche i protocolli di classificazione e di trattamento utili nella gestione del paziente e importanti informazioni sul management sia clinico che chirurgico della complicanza acuta e cronicizzata.Odontogenic sinusitis is a condition lying on the fine line between Oral surgery and Otolaryngology. Its burden on everyday clinical practice is getting more and more important, also due to the wide spread of oral implants to support prosthetic restorations of the upper jaw. Though considered on the wane until a few years ago, odontogenic sinusitis have gathered growing scientific interest since the 00\u2019s. Various case reports and original research articles, along with the ubiquitous diffusion of sinonasal endoscopic diagnostic and surgical tools, gradually shifted the perspective in managing these conditions. Along with classic odontogenic sinusitis, caused by dental conditions, otolaryngologists have begun to include in their practice inflammatory and non-inflammatory complications following dental treatments implant placement in the partially or totally edentulous maxilla, or pre-implant reconstructive procedures such as the sinus grafting techniques. This conceptual evolution led to introduce the definition of \u201csinonasal complications of dental disease or treatment\u201d (SCDDT), along with specific classifications and defined treatment protocols. This article is intended as an update on odontogenic sinusitis and SCDDTs and as a review of the existing literature through the eyes of our ultra-decennial experience, focusing on the multidisciplinary treatment of these borderline conditions, based on the alliance between oral/maxillofacial surgeons and otolaryngologists. The Authors will also discuss classification and treatment protocols which may be useful in managing the patient, both during acute and chronic complications

Endoscopic laryngeal patterns in vagus nerve stimulation therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy

In 30 % of patients with epilepsy seizure control cannot be achieved with medications. When medical therapy is not effective, and epilepsy surgery cannot be performed, vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation is a therapeutic option. Laryngeal patterns in vagus nerve stimulation have not been extensively studied yet. The objective was to evaluate laryngeal patterns in a cohort of patients affected by drug-resistant epilepsy after implantation and activation of a vagus nerve stimulation therapy device. 14 consecutive patients underwent a systematic otolaryngologic examination between 6 months and 5 years after implantation and activation of a vagus nerve stimulation therapy device. All patients underwent fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation, which was recorded on a portable device allowing a convenient slow-motion analysis of laryngeal patterns. All recordings were blindly evaluated by two of the authors. We observed three different laryngeal patterns. Four patients showed left vocal cord palsy at the baseline and during vagus nerve stimulation; seven showed left vocal cord palsy at the baseline and left vocal cord adduction during vagus nerve stimulation; and three patients showed a symmetric pattern at the baseline and constant left vocal cord adduction during vagus nerve stimulation. These laryngeal findings are here described for the first time in the literature and can be only partially explained by existing knowledge of laryngeal muscles and vagus nerve physiology. This might represent a new starting point for studies concerning laryngeal physiology and phonation, while the vagus nerve stimulation therapy could act as a new and ethical experimental model for human laryngeal physiology

Vocal outcomes in vagus nerve stimulation : a laryngeal pattern-based objective analysis

The aim of our study is to evaluate objective and subjective vocal outcomes in patients undergoing vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy and to assess the vocal outcome in the known laryngeal dysmotility patterns induced by VNS. We enrolled 16 adult patients without cognitive impairment who had undergone VNS implant for drug-resistant epilepsy at least 1 year prior. They were evaluated by flexible fibreoptic laryngeal examination and Voice Handicap Index questionnaire administration; acoustic and perceptual voice analysis was performed both at rest and during VNS activation. All recruited patients were admitted to the study. The VNS implant systematically determined laryngeal motility alterations, which were in turn mirrored by perceptual, subjective, and/or acoustic analysis voice alterations in all patients. Patients with intact vocal fold function at rest performed worse during acoustic voice analysis in terms of jitter during VNS activation and shimmer at rest when compared to other laryngeal patterns ( P= 0.027 and P = 0.034, respectively, Kruskal-Wallis test). Furthermore, VNS activation determined an overall worsening of the perceptual and acoustically analysed voice quality: the grade of hoarseness, instability and breathiness parameters of the GRBASI (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain, instability) scale and the jitter, shimmer and noise-to-harmonic ratio of the acoustic analysis worsened significantly during VNS activation ( P = 0.001, P = 0.021, P = 0.012, P < .001, P = 00.002, P = 0.039, respectively, Wilcoxon test). According to our results, the VNS implant determines a significantly impaired vocal outcome that has a surprisingly mild impact on Voice Handicap Index scores. Such impairment is significantly greater in patients with intact vocal fold function at rest

Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Background The European Atherosclerosis Society Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) global registry provides a platform for the global surveillance of familial hypercholesterolaemia through harmonisation and pooling of multinational data. In this study, we aimed to characterise the adult population with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and described how it is detected and managed globally. Methods Using FHSC global registry data, we did a cross-sectional assessment of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of probable or definite heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia at the time they were entered into the registries. Data were assessed overall and by WHO regions, sex, and index versus non-index cases. Findings Of the 61 612 individuals in the registry, 42 167 adults (21 999 [53·6%] women) from 56 countries were included in the study. Of these, 31 798 (75·4%) were diagnosed with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and 35 490 (84·2%) were from the WHO region of Europe. Median age of participants at entry in the registry was 46·2 years (IQR 34·3–58·0); median age at diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia was 44·4 years (32·5–56·5), with 40·2% of participants younger than 40 years when diagnosed. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increased progressively with age and varied by WHO region. Prevalence of coronary disease was 17·4% (2·1% for stroke and 5·2% for peripheral artery disease), increasing with concentrations of untreated LDL cholesterol, and was about two times lower in women than in men. Among patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, 16 803 (81·1%) were receiving statins and 3691 (21·2%) were on combination therapy, with greater use of more potent lipid-lowering medication in men than in women. Median LDL cholesterol was 5·43 mmol/L (IQR 4·32–6·72) among patients not taking lipid-lowering medications and 4·23 mmol/L (3·20–5·66) among those taking them. Among patients taking lipid-lowering medications, 2·7% had LDL cholesterol lower than 1·8 mmol/L; the use of combination therapy, particularly with three drugs and with proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 inhibitors, was associated with a higher proportion and greater odds of having LDL cholesterol lower than 1·8 mmol/L. Compared with index cases, patients who were non-index cases were younger, with lower LDL cholesterol and lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (all p<0·001). Interpretation Familial hypercholesterolaemia is diagnosed late. Guideline-recommended LDL cholesterol concentrations are infrequently achieved with single-drug therapy. Cardiovascular risk factors and presence of coronary disease were lower among non-index cases, who were diagnosed earlier. Earlier detection and greater use of combination therapies are required to reduce the global burden of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron