Gravitational Collapse of Phantom Fluid in (2+1)-Dimensions

This investigation is devoted to the solutions of Einstein's field equations for a circularly symmetric anisotropic fluid, with kinematic self-similarity of the first kind, in $(2+1)$-dimensional spacetimes. In the case where the radial pressure vanishes, we show that there exists a solution of the equations that represents the gravitational collapse of an anisotropic fluid, and this collapse will eventually form a black hole, even when it is constituted by the phantom energy.Comment: 10 page

Nuclear dependence coefficient α(A,qT)\alpha(A,q_T) for the Drell-Yan and J/ψ\psi production

Define the nuclear dependence coefficient $\alpha(A,q_T)$ in terms of ratio of transverse momentum spectrum in hadron-nucleus and in hadron-nucleon collisions: $\frac{d\sigma^{hA}}{dq_T^2}/ \frac{d\sigma^{hN}}{dq_T^2}\equiv A^{\alpha(A,q_T)}$. We argue that in small $q_T$ region, the $\alpha(A,q_T)$ for the Drell-Yan and J/$\psi$ production is given by a universal function:\ $a+b q_T^2$, where parameters a and b are completely determined by either calculable quantities or independently measurable physical observables. We demonstrate that this universal function $\alpha(A,q_T)$ is insensitive to the A for normal nuclear targets. For a color deconfined nuclear medium, the $\alpha(A,q_T)$ becomes strongly dependent on the A. We also show that our $\alpha(A,q_T)$ for the Drell-Yan process is naturally linked to perturbatively calculated $\alpha(A,q_T)$ at large $q_T$ without any free parameters, and the $\alpha(A,q_T)$ is consistent with E772 data for all $q_T$.Comment: latex, 28 pages, 10 figures, updated two figures, and add more discussion

Local orbital analysis of the bonding of oxygen atoms on nickel (001) from self-consistent electronic structure

We have calculated self-consistently the electronic structure of a model of a c(2×2) oxygen overlayer on the nickel (001) surface using the linearized augmented-plane-wave method, obtaining good agreement with the experimentally measured electronic excitation spectra. Our purpose has been to analyze the charge density, wave functions, bond orders, local densities of states, and energy levels to obtain a picture of the bonding between the oxygen and the nickel surface. We find that the oxygen 2p states hybridize more strongly with the nickel 4s4p bands than with the 3d bands, and we demonstrate that the optimal local orbitals for the oxygen nucleus which span the resulting 2p-like bands centered at EF-5.5 eV resemble large oxygen 2p orbitals. Bond orders exhibit the bonding nature of these states and the existence of antibonding states above EF

Current status of parton charge symmetry

We review constraints on parton charge symmetry from various experiments. Recently charge symmetry violation (CSV) has been included in a global fit to high energy data. We show that CSV compatible with all high energy data would be able to remove completely the NuTeV anomaly.PACS: 11.30.Hv Flavor Symmetries – 13.15.+g Neutrino Interactions – 13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross-sections, including deep inelastic structure function

The outcome-prediction strategy in cases denied certiorari by the U.S. Supreme Court

We investigate whether the substantial use of the outcome-prediction strategy by Supreme Court justices occurs in the petitions denied certiorari by the Court. We show with a computer simulation that [Caldeira, G.A., Wright, J.R., & Zorn, C.J.W. (1999). Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 15, 549–572], who modeled the missing final votes for denied petitions in order to include them in their study of the use of the outcome-prediction strategy, may have obtained spurious results. Application of the logic of conditional probabilities to the denied petitions suggests that all but those denied by the narrowest of margins are probably considered unacceptable by the justices on non-outcome-oriented grounds, and, therefore, are not subject to use of this strategy. We evaluate the pursuit of the outcome-prediction strategy in petitions that narrowly fail to be granted cert by focusing upon the petitions that are narrowly granted cert and find limited use of the strategy. We conclude that the outcome-prediction strategy probably is little used by the justices in confronting the petitions denied cert and that investigations of the use of this strategy are best confined to those petitions granted cert. Copyright Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007U.S. Supreme Court, Certiorari, Strategic behavior, Attitudinal model, Rational choice, Selection bias,