Effects of Crude Oil contaminated Water on the reproductive system of Female Wistar Rats

The rising level of infertility in the females have been associated with environmental pollutants and one such pollutants is crude oil. Crude oil pollution occurs in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria and interaction with this toxicant by both humans and animals may adversely the female reproductive system. This study was designed to investigate the effect of crude oil contaminated water on reproductive functions in female Wistar rats. Fifteen (15) female rats weighing between 140g-230g were used for this study and the rats were divided into three (3) groups (1, 2 and 3) and each group had five rats. Group 1 was the control group while group 2 and 3 were the test groups receiving 2.5mls and 5mls of crude oil contaminated water twice daily for four weeks. The stages of Oestrus cycle of the rats were checked daily. The rats were sacrificed after four weeks and the blood collected were used for hormonal assays (Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Testosterone). The uterus and ovaries were used for histology (Haematoxylin and Eosin staining), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. The results were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software for windows and data were expressed as mean±standard error of mean. Statistical significance was accepted at p<0.05. There was no significant changes (p>0.05) in the weights and relative reproductive organ weights (uterus and ovary) of among the three groups. FSH and LH in the test group of rats fed with crude oil contaminated water when compared with the control were not statistically significant (p<0.05). Oestradiol was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the test group whereas progesterone and progesterone-oestradiol ratio was significantly elevated (p<0.05) in the test groups when compared with the control. There were degenerative changes in the ovaries and uterus of rats fed with crude oil contaminated water when compared with the control. SOD was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the test group while MDA was elevated in the ovaries and uterus of the test group. The oestrus cycle was irregular in the test groups.   Crude oil contaminated water has endocrine disrupting effects on the female reproductive system as well as inducing oxidative stress and this may adversely affect female reproductive functions and fertility. KEY WORDS: Crude oil contaminated water, Endocrine disruptor, Female reproductive functions, Oxidative stress DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/72-05 Publication date: June 30th 202

Cardiovascular reactivity in healthy subjects with variations in body mass index

Background: Overweight and obesity are on the rise in Africa and might attain epidemic proportion in the near future.Objective: To assess and compare the cardiovascular reactivity to cold pressor test (CPT) in subjects with variations in body mass index (BMI).Methods: Forty- five apparently healthy subjects, aged 18 to 38 years, were divided into normal weight (NW), overweight (OW) and obese (OB) groups based on their BMI. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were determined at rest and after exposure to CPT in all the study groups. The total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG) in relation to the subjects' BMI values were also determined.Results: The basal values of HR, SBP and DBP of the subjects in all the study groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the HR, SBP and DBP were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in all the groups after exposure to CPT. The magnitude of the cardiovascular responses differed across the study groups, SBP being significantly less (p < 0.05) in obese group when compared with that of the normal. The TC, LDL, HDL and TG were similar (p>0.05) in all the groups even though these values except HDL, were found to be highest in the obese group.Conclusion: The study has shown cardiovascular autonomic reactivity to CPT in subjects with variations in BMI values and the magnitude of the responses was observed to be less in obese group when compared with that of the normal, signifying cardiac autonomic dysfunction in this group of subjects.Keywords: Cardiovascular Reactivity, Cold Pressor Test, Body Mass Inde

Vitamin C reduced Pausinytalia Yohimbe induced reproductive toxicity in female Wister rats

Medicinal plants have been used as a source of ailments healing for several years and had gained acceptance as well as widespread use in many cultures of the world. Pausinytalia Yohimbe (P.yohimbe) had been used in folklore medicine by tribes in Nigeria as aphrodisiac. Despite its beneficial effects as an aphrodisiac, we had demonstrated that chronic use of P.yohimbe had adverse effects on both male and female reproductive systems as evidenced by its effects on hormonal and structural changes in the reproductive systems. This study was done to determine if Vitamin C a potent anti oxidant can ameliorate the toxic effects of P.yohimbe. Twenty female Wistar rats weighing 160 -200g with normal estrus cycles were randomly allotted into four experimental groups of five rats each. Group A was the control group while groups B, C and D served as test groups. Group A received distilled water while group B received 5% Vitamin C only, group C received 150mg/kg body weight and D received vitamin C and 150mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of P. yohimbe respectively for 4 weeks via oral gavage. Estrus cycles of the rats were evaluated daily and were sacrificed after 4 weeks. Blood samples obtained were used for hormonal assay (follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol and progesterone). Ovaries and uteri removed were used for Heamatoxylin and Eosin staining for histology. Vitamin C restored normal estrus cycle, improved gonadotropins (FSH and LH) production, and also ameliorated the degenerative changes in both ovaries and uteri of rats treated with P. yohimbe. Vitamin C had no significant effects on estradiol and progesterone production of rats treated with P. yohimbe. We concluded that Vitamin C ameliorated P. yohimbe induced reproductive toxicity in female Wistar rats. It may be that the mechanism of P. yohimbe induced reproductive tissue destruction and gonadotropins decrease is via oxidative stress. Vitamin C may be recommended for those chronically exposed to P. yohimbe for prevention. Keywords: Pausinytalia Yohimbe, Reproductive hormones, Reproductive toxicity, Vitamin C, Wister rats DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/72-06 Publication date: June 30th 202