Caracterizaciones de la perspectiva bioética en la clínica de Odontología

The assessment of dental practice bioethics tries located in the everyday life of the Discipline. This is reflected in the ongoing review of educational processes, communications, legal and other related to the exercise of the traditional rule bioethics and current legal requirement of informed consent. This study aimed to contribute to the improvement of educational processes related to Clinical Bioethics. It conducted a closed design with a descriptive observational research having as variables: a. "Bioethics Dental theoretical aspects" in graduate assistants and teachers b. "Ethical-clinical issues" related to clinical information, confidentiality and clinical care dental c. "Protocols of care for patients." We have a sample of 40 graduate teachers. The instrument of work involved a survey of structured type, closed and anonymous record sought valuations that respondents had about bioethical issues raised in its post-graduate clinical and space that they occupied in their educational programming. While raised different issues related to the difficulties and strengths of the inclusion of bioethics, most of the graduate teachers (95%) were willing to include new educational spaces within their courses. The training of professionals can be held with the participation of patients as subjects of teaching-learning process in which they are presented with the risks and benefits. This task is based then on the right of patients to decide about their own health.La evaluación bioética de la práctica odontológica intenta ubicarse en la vida cotidiana de la Disciplina. Esto se refleja en la permanente revisión de procesos educativos, comunicacionales, jurídicos y otros vinculados con el ejercicio de la tradicional regla bioética y actual obligación legal del consentimiento informado. El presente estudio buscó contribuir con el perfeccionamiento de los procesos educativos vinculados con la Bioética Clínica. Se llevó adelante un diseño cerrado con una investigación de tipo observacional descriptiva teniendo como variables: a. “aspectos teóricos sobre Bioética Odontológica” en auxiliares y profesores de postgrado; b. “problemáticas éticas-clínicas” relacionadas con la información clínica, la confidencialidad y la atención clínica odontológica; c. “protocolos de atención a pacientes”. Se tomó una muestra de 40 docentes de Postgrado. El instrumento de trabajo comprendió una encuesta de tipo estructurada, cerrada y anónima que buscó registrar las valoraciones que los encuestados poseían con respecto a las cuestiones bioéticas planteadas en sus clínicas de postgrado y el espacio que las mismas ocuparon en sus programaciones pedagógicas. Si bien se plantearon diferentes cuestiones vinculadas con las dificultades y fortalezas de la inclusión de la Bioética, la mayoría de los docentes del Postgrado (95%) estuvieron dispuestos a incluir nuevos espacios educativos dentro de sus Cursos.  La formación continua de los profesionales puede ser realizada con la participación de los pacientes como sujetos del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje en donde se les presenta los riesgos y beneficios. Esta tarea se funda entonces en el derecho de los pacientes a decidir sobre su propia salud

Fairness Beyond Disparate Treatment & Disparate Impact: Learning Classification without Disparate Mistreatment

Automated data-driven decision making systems are increasingly being used to assist, or even replace humans in many settings. These systems function by learning from historical decisions, often taken by humans. In order to maximize the utility of these systems (or, classifiers), their training involves minimizing the errors (or, misclassifications) over the given historical data. However, it is quite possible that the optimally trained classifier makes decisions for people belonging to different social groups with different misclassification rates (e.g., misclassification rates for females are higher than for males), thereby placing these groups at an unfair disadvantage. To account for and avoid such unfairness, in this paper, we introduce a new notion of unfairness, disparate mistreatment, which is defined in terms of misclassification rates. We then propose intuitive measures of disparate mistreatment for decision boundary-based classifiers, which can be easily incorporated into their formulation as convex-concave constraints. Experiments on synthetic as well as real world datasets show that our methodology is effective at avoiding disparate mistreatment, often at a small cost in terms of accuracy.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of the 26th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW), 2017. Code available at: https://github.com/mbilalzafar/fair-classificatio

Infant BMI or Weight-for-Length and Obesity Risk in Early Childhood

Weight-for-length (WFL) is currently used to assess adiposity under 2 years. We assessed WFL- versus BMI-based estimates of adiposity in healthy infants in determining risk for early obesity

Case Study: Predictive Fairness to Reduce Misdemeanor Recidivism Through Social Service Interventions

The criminal justice system is currently ill-equipped to improve outcomes of individuals who cycle in and out of the system with a series of misdemeanor offenses. Often due to constraints of caseload and poor record linkage, prior interactions with an individual may not be considered when an individual comes back into the system, let alone in a proactive manner through the application of diversion programs. The Los Angeles City Attorney's Office recently created a new Recidivism Reduction and Drug Diversion unit (R2D2) tasked with reducing recidivism in this population. Here we describe a collaboration with this new unit as a case study for the incorporation of predictive equity into machine learning based decision making in a resource-constrained setting. The program seeks to improve outcomes by developing individually-tailored social service interventions (i.e., diversions, conditional plea agreements, stayed sentencing, or other favorable case disposition based on appropriate social service linkage rather than traditional sentencing methods) for individuals likely to experience subsequent interactions with the criminal justice system, a time and resource-intensive undertaking that necessitates an ability to focus resources on individuals most likely to be involved in a future case. Seeking to achieve both efficiency (through predictive accuracy) and equity (improving outcomes in traditionally under-served communities and working to mitigate existing disparities in criminal justice outcomes), we discuss the equity outcomes we seek to achieve, describe the corresponding choice of a metric for measuring predictive fairness in this context, and explore a set of options for balancing equity and efficiency when building and selecting machine learning models in an operational public policy setting.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 algorithm. The definitive Version of Record will be published in the proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT* '20), January 27-30, 2020, Barcelona, Spai

A pp-adic Approach to the Weil Representation of Discriminant Forms Arising from Even Lattices

Suppose that $M$ is an even lattice with dual $M^{*}$ and level $N$. Then the group $Mp_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$, which is the unique non-trivial double cover of $SL_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$, admits a representation $\rho_{M}$, called the Weil representation, on the space $\mathbb{C}[M^{*}/M]$. The main aim of this paper is to show how the formulae for the $\rho_{M}$-action of a general element of $Mp_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$ can be obtained by a direct evaluation which does not depend on ``external objects'' such as theta functions. We decompose the Weil representation $\rho_{M}$ into $p$-parts, in which each $p$-part can be seen as subspace of the Schwartz functions on the $p$-adic vector space $M_{\mathbb{Q}_{p}}$. Then we consider the Weil representation of $Mp_{2}(\mathbb{Q}_{p})$ on the space of Schwartz functions on $M_{\mathbb{Q}_{p}}$, and see that restricting to $Mp_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$ just gives the $p$-part of $\rho_{M}$ again. The operators attained by the Weil representation are not always those appearing in the formulae from 1964, but are rather their multiples by certain roots of unity. For this, one has to find which pair of elements, lying over a matrix in $SL_{2}(\mathbb{Q}_{p})$, belong to the metaplectic double cover. Some other properties are also investigated.Comment: 29 pages, shortened a lo

One-step synthesis of PbSe-ZnSe composite thin film

This study investigates the preparation of PbSe-ZnSe composite thin films by simultaneous hot-wall deposition (HWD) from multiple resources. The XRD result reveals that the solubility limit of Pb in ZnSe is quite narrow, less than 1 mol%, with obvious phase-separation in the composite thin films. A nanoscale elemental mapping of the film containing 5 mol% PbSe indicates that isolated PbSe nanocrystals are dispersed in the ZnSe matrix. The optical absorption edge of the composite thin films shifts toward the low-photon-energy region as the PbSe content increases. The use of a phase-separating PbSe-ZnSe system and HWD techniques enables simple production of the composite package

Unique contributions of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in organizing striatal networks during movement

Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2019 April ; 22(4): 586–597. doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0341-3.Striatal pavalbumin (PV) and cholinergic (CHI) interneurons are poised to play major roles in behavior by coordinating the networks of medium spiny cells that relay motor output. However, the small numbers and scattered distribution of these cells has made it difficult to directly assess their contribution to activity in networks of MSNs during behavior. Here, we build upon recent improvements in single cell calcium imaging combined with optogenetics to test the capacity of PVs and CHIs to affect MSN activity and behavior in mice engaged in voluntarily locomotion. We find that PVs and CHIs have unique effects on MSN activity and dissociable roles in supporting movement. PV cells facilitate movement by refining the activation of MSN networks responsible for movement execution. CHIs, in contrast, synchronize activity within MSN networks to signal the end of a movement bout. These results provide new insights into the striatal network activity that supports movement.Accepted manuscrip