МОЛЕКУЛЯРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ МАРКЕРЫ ОПУХОЛЕВОГО ОТВЕТА ПРИ НЕОАДЪЮВАНТНОЙ ХИМИОЛУЧЕВОЙ ТЕРАПИИ РАКА ПРЯМОЙ КИШКИ

The review presents the mechanisms involved in the biological behavior of rectal cancer cells. The tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was evaluated. The characteristics of proliferative activity, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and migration of rectal cancer cells influenced by chemotherapy were described. The relationship between molecular genetic markers and prediction of response to chemoradiation in rectal cancer was shown.В обзоре представлены пути и механизмы воздействия на биологические свойства опухолевых клеток рака прямой кишки (РПК). Описаны эффекты проводимой неоадъювантной химиолучевой терапии по поводу РПК, а также дана характеристика пролиферативной активности, апоптоза, межклеточной адгезии, миграции опухолевых клеток РПК под влиянием комбинированной терапии. Приведена характеристика молекулярно-генетических маркеров, их связь с химио- и радиочувствительностью, а также прогностическая значимость при РПК

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭКСПРЕССИИ EGFR ПРИ РАКЕ ПРЯМОЙ КИШКИ, СВЯЗЬ С ЧАСТОТОЙ МЕТАСТАТИЧЕСКОГО ПОРАЖЕНИЯ РЕГИОНАРНЫХ ЛИМФАТИЧЕСКИХ УЗЛОВ

The processes of vital activity of cancer cells mainly depend on the production of growth factors and their receptors. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Normally, binding of EGFR ligands and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) induces receptor activation, which triggers erk and PI3K signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, migration, invasion and many other processes. A number of studies have shown that a high percentage of EGFR expression is observed in 25–82 % of cases with rectal cancer. Thus, the expression and mutation of the EGFR gene is associated with various variants of tumor progression and an unfavorable prognosis for malignant tumors of various localizations. The purpose of the study was to investigate the EGFR expression in cancer tissue and evaluate the relationship between EGFR expression and parameters of lymphogenous metastasis in patients with rectal cancer.  Material And Methods. Surgical specimens of 149 patients with stage T1–4N0–2M0, rectal adenocarcinoma, who were treated at the Cancer Research Institute of Tomsk National Research Medical Center, were studied using histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Positive EGFR expression was found in 88 (59.1 %) patients. Diagnosis was made according to WHO classification (2010). Results. When studying the EGFR expression in tumor cells on different depth of invasion, it was found that the positive expression of this marker was observed in cases with and without lymph node metastases. The analysis of the EGFR expression in various structures of the parenchymatous component of the tumor located in different layers of the intestinal wall showed that in the solid structures of the mucosa, the positive expression of EGFR was detected more often in cases without lymph node metastases. In patients with lymph node metastases, the percentage of the EGFR expression was lower.  A similar pattern was observed in discrete groups of tumor cells. Conclusion. The study showed the presence of heterogeneity of the expression characteristics of the epidermal growth factor in various tumor structures located at different depths of infestation. The relationship between the parameters of lymphogenous metastasis and the positive EGFR expression indicates the prognostic significance of this marker.Процессы жизнедеятельности раковых клеток во многом зависят от продукции ростовых факторов и их рецепторов. Одним из таковых является эпидермальный фактор роста (EGFR), представляющий собой тирозин-киназный рецептор, принадлежащий к семейству ErbB рецепторов мембран клеток. В норме связывание лигандов EGFR и трансформирующего фактора роста альфа (TGFα) индуцирует активацию рецепторов, что запускает erk и PI3K сигнальные пути, контролирующие клеточную пролиферацию, миграцию, инвазию и множество других процессов. Ряд исследований показал, что высокий уровень экспрессии EGFR наблюдается в 25–82 % случаев рака прямой кишки. Таким образом, экспрессия и мутация гена EGFR связаны с различными вариантами прогрессирования опухоли и неблагоприятным прогнозом при злокачественных новообразованиях различных локализаций.Цель исследования – изучить экспрессионные характеристики эпидермального фактора роста (EGFR) в опухолевой ткани и оценить их взаимосвязь с параметрами лимфогенного метастазирования при раке прямой кишки.Материал и методы. Исследовался операционный материал, полученный от 149 больных с аденокарциномой прямой кишки TT1–4N0–2M0, которым проводилось лечение в НИИ онкологии Томского НИМЦ. Из них у 88 (59,1 %) пациентов выявлена позитивная экспрессия EGFR. Гистологическое и иммуногистохимическое исследование выполнялось по стандартной методике. Диагноз устанавливался согласно классификации ВОЗ (2010).Результаты. При изучении экспрессионных параметров эпидермального фактора роста в опухолевых клетках на различной глубине инвазии оказалось, что позитивная экспрессия этого маркера отмечалась в случаях с наличием и отсутствием лимфогенных метастазов. Анализ экспрессии EGFR в различных структурах паренхиматозного компонента опухоли, расположенных в разных слоях стенки кишки, показал, что в солидных структурах слизистой оболочки позитивная экспрессия EGFR выявлялась чаще в случаях без лимфогенных метастазов. У пациентов с наличием лимфогенных метастазов процент экспрессии EGFR оказался ниже. Подобная картина наблюдалась в дискретных группах опухолевых клеток, находящихся в серозной оболочке прямой кишки.Заключение. Проведенное исследование показало наличие неоднородности экспрессионных характеристик эпидермального фактора роста в различных структурах опухоли, расположенных на разной глубине инвазии. Взаимосвязь параметров лимфогенного метастазирования с позитивной экспрессией EGFR свидетельствует о прогностической значимости данного маркера

MOLECULAR GENETIC MARKERS AS PREDICTORS OF TUMOR RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY FOR RECTAL CANCER

The review presents the mechanisms involved in the biological behavior of rectal cancer cells. The tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was evaluated. The characteristics of proliferative activity, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and migration of rectal cancer cells influenced by chemotherapy were described. The relationship between molecular genetic markers and prediction of response to chemoradiation in rectal cancer was shown

EGFR EXPRESSION IN RECTAL CANCER, RELATION TO THE FREAQUENCY OF LYMPH NODE METASTASIS

The processes of vital activity of cancer cells mainly depend on the production of growth factors and their receptors. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Normally, binding of EGFR ligands and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) induces receptor activation, which triggers erk and PI3K signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, migration, invasion and many other processes. A number of studies have shown that a high percentage of EGFR expression is observed in 25–82 % of cases with rectal cancer. Thus, the expression and mutation of the EGFR gene is associated with various variants of tumor progression and an unfavorable prognosis for malignant tumors of various localizations. The purpose of the study was to investigate the EGFR expression in cancer tissue and evaluate the relationship between EGFR expression and parameters of lymphogenous metastasis in patients with rectal cancer.  Material And Methods. Surgical specimens of 149 patients with stage T1–4N0–2M0, rectal adenocarcinoma, who were treated at the Cancer Research Institute of Tomsk National Research Medical Center, were studied using histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Positive EGFR expression was found in 88 (59.1 %) patients. Diagnosis was made according to WHO classification (2010). Results. When studying the EGFR expression in tumor cells on different depth of invasion, it was found that the positive expression of this marker was observed in cases with and without lymph node metastases. The analysis of the EGFR expression in various structures of the parenchymatous component of the tumor located in different layers of the intestinal wall showed that in the solid structures of the mucosa, the positive expression of EGFR was detected more often in cases without lymph node metastases. In patients with lymph node metastases, the percentage of the EGFR expression was lower.  A similar pattern was observed in discrete groups of tumor cells. Conclusion. The study showed the presence of heterogeneity of the expression characteristics of the epidermal growth factor in various tumor structures located at different depths of infestation. The relationship between the parameters of lymphogenous metastasis and the positive EGFR expression indicates the prognostic significance of this marker

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARAMETERS OF TUMOR NEOANGIOGENESIS AND LYMPHOGENOUS METASTASIS IN PATIENTS WITH RECTAL CANCER

Angiogenesis (neoangiogenesis) characterized by the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels is the main condition for the intensive growth of the primary tumor. This process is characterized by a sequence of events beginning with vasodilation, separation of pericytes from the vascular wall with subsequent proliferation of endotheliocytes and formation of vascular glomeruli surrounded by stromal cells. Evaluation of the density of microvessels, as well as «vascular kidneys» (clusters of endotheliocytes) is the most widely used method for quantifying intracellular angiogenesis. The purpose of the study was to analyze the expression characteristics of markers of neoangiogenesis (CD34 and VEGFR) in tumor tissue and to evaluate their relationship with the parameters of lymphogenous metastasis in colorectal cancer. Material and methods. Surgical specimens from 130 patients with ypT1–4N0–2M0 stage of rectal cancer, who were treated at the Thoracic and Abdominal Department of Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, were analyzed. The standard techniques for histological and immunohistochemical examinations were used. Diagnose was made according to WHO classification (2010). The study included only cases with rectal adenocarcinoma. Results. When studying the density of microvessels and «vascular budding» in a tumor tissue using an antibody to CD34, it turned out that the density of microvessels in the submucosal layer of the rectum was higher in cases with the presence of lymphogenous metastases than in cases without lymphogenous metastasis. The microvessel density determined by the antibody to VEGFR in the mucosa, submucosal and muscle layers, as well as in the serosa of the rectum did not differ between groups with the presence or absence of lymphogenous metastases. The density of «vascular kidneys» in all layers of the rectum wall was not associated with lymphogenous metastasis. Conclusion. The study showed that the expression of molecular-biological markers of neoangiogenesis in tumor tissue of patients with rectal adenocarcinoma was associated with the parameters of lymphogenous metastasis