Apparatus and method for control of a solid fueled rocket vehicle Patent

Solid propellant rocket vehicle thrust control method and apparatu

The Explorer Rocket Research Program

Since September of 1956, nine Jupiter-C missiles have been launched from the firing pad at Cape Canaveral. The first Jupiter-C firing tested the propulsion system, air frame, and guidance components of the missile, and the second and third firings tested a model of the Jupiter nose cone under realistic re-entry conditions. The remaining six Jupiter-C missiles were used as the launching vehicles for EXPLORER satellites I through VI (Fig. 1). Of the six satellite firings, EXPLORERs I, III, and IV achieved satisfactory orbits. The Jupiter-C missile was designed and developed as a joint program under the technical direction of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the three high-speed stages, and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency handled the development, construction, and operation of the first-stage booster rocket and the guidance system. Many other organizations have contributed to the success of the EXPLORER satellite program, most notably the State University of Iowa, the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, and the satellite tracking teams of the Vanguard organization

Levels of Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and 137caesium in Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Tissues from Northern Québec

Levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and total mercury (Hg) were assessed in samples of muscle, kidney, and liver from caribou (Rangifer tarandus; n = 317) harvested in two regions of northern Québec between 1994 and 1996. Levels of 137caesium (137Cs) were also examined in muscle samples. Log concentration of the three metals varied significantly among tissues and was lowest in diaphragm muscle and highest in kidneys and liver. Mean Cd (wet weight, w.w.) concentration was 0.01 µg/g in muscle, 7.69 µg/g in kidneys and 1.13 µg/g in liver. Levels of Cd exceeded tolerance thresholds for human consumption in nearly all kidney samples and in nearly half the liver samples. Mean Pb concentration (w.w.) was 0.05 µg/g in muscle, 0.26 µg/g in kidneys and 0.95 µg/g in liver, with few samples exceeding consumption thresholds. Mean total Hg concentration (w.w.) in muscle was 0.03 µg/g, 1.26 µg/g in kidneys and 0.67 µg/g in liver, with concentrations exceeding consumption thresholds in most kidney samples and nearly half the liver samples. Regional differences occurred in log concentration of the three metals for most tissues, with the western region consistently showing higher values. Mean log Cd and Pb concentrations increased with age in kidneys, but log Pb decreased with age in muscle samples. Interactions between month of collection and sex and region also occurred for some metals in some tissues. Mean level of 137Cs in muscle samples was 94.7 Bq/kg, never exceeding the acceptable limit for human consumption.On a mesuré les niveaux de cadmium (Cd), de plomb (Pb) et de mercure total (Hg) dans des échantillons de muscle, de rein et de foie de caribous (Rangifer tarandus; n = 317) prélevés dans deux régions du Québec nordique entre 1994 et 1996. On a en outre étudié les niveaux de césium 137 (137Cs) dans des échantillons musculaires. Les concentrations enregistrées des trois métaux montraient d'importantes variations parmi les divers tissus et étaient les plus faibles dans le muscle du diaphragme et les plus élevées dans le rein et le foie. La concentration moyenne de Cd (poids frais, p.f.) était de 0,01 µg/g dans le muscle, de 7,69 µg/g dans le rein et de 1,13 µg/g dans le foie. Les niveaux de Cd dépassaient les seuils de tolérance pour la consommation humaine dans presque tous les échantillons de rein et dans près de la moitié des échantillons de foie. La concentration moyenne (p.f.) de Pb était de 0,05 µg/g dans le muscle, de 0,26 µg/g dans le rein et de 0,95 µg/g dans le foie, avec peu d'échantillons dépassant les seuils de consommation. La concentration moyenne de Hg total (p.f.) dans le muscle était de 0,03 µg/g, de 1,26 µg/g dans le rein et de 0,67 µg/g dans le foie, avec des concentrations qui dépassaient les seuils de consommation dans la plupart des échantillons de rein et presque la moitié des échantillons de foie. Des différences régionales sont apparues dans les concentrations enregistrées des trois métaux pour la plupart des tissus, la zone occidentale montrant constamment des valeurs plus élevées. Avec l'âge, les concentrations moyennes enregistrées pour le Cd et le Pb augmentaient dans le rein, alors que celles de Pb diminuaient dans le muscle. Des interactions entre le mois des prélèvements, le sexe et la région se produisaient aussi avec certains métaux et certains tissus. Le niveau moyen de 137Cs dans les échantillons musculaires était de 94,7 Bq/kg, ne dépassant jamais la limite acceptable pour la consommation humaine

Overcoming Language Dichotomies: Toward Effective Program Comprehension for Mobile App Development

Mobile devices and platforms have become an established target for modern software developers due to performant hardware and a large and growing user base numbering in the billions. Despite their popularity, the software development process for mobile apps comes with a set of unique, domain-specific challenges rooted in program comprehension. Many of these challenges stem from developer difficulties in reasoning about different representations of a program, a phenomenon we define as a "language dichotomy". In this paper, we reflect upon the various language dichotomies that contribute to open problems in program comprehension and development for mobile apps. Furthermore, to help guide the research community towards effective solutions for these problems, we provide a roadmap of directions for future work.Comment: Invited Keynote Paper for the 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC'18

Structure of the Cytoplasmic Loop between Putative Helices II and III of the Mannitol Permease of Escherichia coli: A Tryptophan and 5-Fluorotryptophan Spectroscopy Study

In this work, four single tryptophan (Trp) mutants of the dimeric mannitol transporter of Escherichia coli, EIImtl, are characterized using Trp and 5-fluoroTrp (5-FTrp) fluorescence spectroscopy. The four positions, 97, 114, 126, and 133, are located in a region shown by recent studies to be involved in the mannitol translocation process. To spectroscopically distinguish between the Trp positions in each subunit of dimeric EIImtl, 5-FTrp was biosynthetically incorporated because of its much simpler photophysics compared to those of Trp. The steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence methodologies used point out that all four positions are in structured environments, both in the absence and in the presence of a saturating concentration of mannitol. The fluorescence decay of all 5-FTrp-containing mutants was highly homogeneous, suggesting similar microenvironments for both probes per dimer. However, Stern-Volmer quenching experiments using potassium iodide indicate different solvent accessibilities for the two probes at positions 97 and 133. A 5 Å two-dimensional (2D) projection map of the membrane-embedded IICmtl dimer showing 2-fold symmetry is available. The results of this work are in better agreement with a 7 Å projection map from a single 2D crystal on which no symmetry was imposed.