Oxidation of dyes by manganese tetraphenyl porphyrin activated peroxy bleach

The oxidation of a number of dyes in predominantly aqueous systems by tetraphenylporphyrinato manganese(III) imidazole, MnTPP(Im), activated peroxy bleach has been studied in the context of application in detergent systems. Dyes with an olefinic linkage in the chromophoric group are readily oxidized by perborate even in the absence of the activator. On the other hand, dyes with an azo linkage are resistant to oxidation and are bleached only to a limited extent (25%) even by MnTPP(Im) activated perborate. In the presence of a surfactant, alkylbenzene sulphonate, bleaching is further inhibited by micellar solubilization of the dyes. Sulphonation of MnTPP(Im) only marginally improves the bleaching efficiency in presence of the surfactant. MnTPP(Im) is also destroyed by perborate in the absence of the substrate. In view of these limitations, the metalloporphyrin activated peroxy bleach system is not promising for application in detergent systems. Attempts have also been made to explain the difference in the behaviour of different substrates on structural consideration

Chemical Composition and Physicochemical and Hydrogenation Characteristics of High-Palmitic Acid Solin (low-linolenic acid flaxseed) Oil

The physicochemical characteristics and FA compositions were determined for refined-bleached-deodorized (RBD) high-palmitic acid solin (HPS) oil, RBD solin oil, and degummed linseed oil. The predominant FA in HPS oil were palmitic (16.6%), palmitoleic (1.4%), stearic (2.5%), oleic (11.3%), linoleic (63.7%), and linolenic (3.4%). HPS oil was substantially higher in palmitic acid than either solin oil or linseed oil, and similar to solin oil in linolenic acid content. HPS, solin, and linseed oils exhibited similar sterol and tocopherol profiles. The physicochemical characteristics of the three oils (iodine value, saponification value, m.p., density, specific gravity, viscosity, PV, FFA content, color) reflected their FA profiles and degree of refinement. During hydrogenation of HPS oil, the proportion of saturated FA (palmitic and stearic) increased, and that of unsaturated FA (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) decreased as the iodine value declined. This resulted in an inverse linear relationship between m.p. and iodine value. Hydrogenation also generated trans FA. The proporti

Developing a Knowledge Graph for a Question Answering System to Answer Natural Language Questions on German Grammar

Question Answering Systems for retrieving information from Knowledge Graphs (KG) have become a major area of interest in recent years. Current systems search for words and entities but cannot search for grammatical phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to present our research on developing a QA System that answers natural language questions about German grammar. Our goal is to build a KG which contains facts and rules about German grammar, and is also able to answer specific questions about a concrete grammatical issue. An overview of the current research in the topic of QA systems and ontology design is given and we show how we plan to construct the KG by integrating the data in the grammatical information system Grammis, hosted by the Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS). In this paper, we describe the construction of the initial KG, sketch our resulting graph, and demonstrate the effectiveness of such an approach. A grammar correction component will be part of a later stage. The paper concludes with the potential areas for future research