1,560 research outputs found
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P.R. Subramanian (Chief Editor). Kriyavill Tarkalat Tamil Akarati (TamilTamil-ArJkilam) (Dictionary of Contemporary Tamil (Tamil-Tamil-English)),1992, reprint 1997, xxxvi + 980 pp. ISBN 81-85602-57-3. Chennai: Cre-APublishers. E-mail: [email protected] Rs. 270,00
Comparison of Fertility Behaviour of Four Northern States (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) with Tamil Nadu: A Decomposition Analysis
There are various factors which influence fertility behaviour and each factor operates with different strength. Previous literatures has identified female education, place of residence, wealth index predominantly influence the fertility rate of any region. So in this study the analysis is carried out to see if the education, wealth and place of residence of the four northern state (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) same as Tamil Nadu then their fertility will be as same as Tamil Nadu? But this study reveals that these factors are not the main fertility declining factor in Tamil Nadu. There are other state specific factors which are influencing more on fertility reduction then the aforesaid factors. Then the question arises, What are the other state factors? Keywords: Fertility, Decomposition, Wealth, Education, Cultura
Dynamics of rural water supply in coastal Kerala : a sustainable development view
This paper examines empirically within sustainable development
framework the dynamics of coverage in rural drinking water supply of
180 demand-driven schemes from Malappuram, predominantly a coastal
district of Kerala State. The methodology for the analysis comprised (i)
multidimensional specification of sustainability in terms of attributes
relating to source, technology, quality, finance, institution and hygiene
behaviour and (ii) estimation of the degree of sustainability using models
of vagueness. Two methods of ‘vagueness’ viz. ‘supervaluationism’ and
‘fuzzy inference system’ were applied to identify systems that are at or
below the sustainability line. Results show that sustainability due to source
and quality is lower in schemes from non-costal regions, whereas
sustainability in dimensions of finance, institution, and hygiene behaviour
is lower in coastal regions. Empirical analysis of ‘marginal systems’
indicates that gender participation; female education and income have
favourable impact on sustainability of schemes in rural areas.
Key words: Sustainable development, Vagueness, Supervaluationism,
Degree theory, Fuzzy inference, Rural drinking water
supply.
JEL Classification: Q56
Pricing with changing welfare criterion : an application of Ramsey-Wilson model to urban water supply
Tariff rates based on Ramsey - Wilson model of changing welfare
criterion satisfying equity and efficiency have been estimated for three
categories of consumers of an urban water supply in India. The design
necessitates values of marginal cost and price elasticity. Paucity of data
severely restricts estimation of marginal cost compelling to use breakeven
as proxy. Price elasticity is obtained from household expenditure data
by applying recoverability theory suggested by Pollak and Wales. The
effect of household composition on elasticity has been eliminated by
expressing variables on a per capita basis using adult equivalent scale
(AES). Calculation of AES for water is based on Prais-Houthakker
incremental method. The scale indicates that it is totally different from
Amsterdam scale, the AES of food.
Maximum welfare is given to small quantity consumers by charging
a rate below breakeven combined with a subsidy arising from the surplus
generated in the markup of large quantity consumers. The middle group
is charged only the breakeven rate. The model can be generalised to any
number of groups by assigning different welfare weights ranging from
zero to one. The model breaks down if the rate exceeds stand-alone cost.
JEL Classification : H41, D4, Q25
Key words: tariff rates, second best prices, adult equivalent scale,
welfare weights, stand alone cos
Gender bias in a marginalised community : a study of Fisherfolk in coastal Kerala
Empirical analysis of female-male ratio in Kerala reveals that two
communities, Fisherfolk and Scheduled Tribes, have gender bias in their
population unlike rest of Kerala. An in-depth study on fishing households
from two coastal hamlets in the state not only validates the lower
proportion of females in the community statistically but also provides
justification of Sen's alternative version of "cooperative conflict" model
as an explanation for the lower well-being of females. All four basic
functionings - morbidity, longevity, education, nutrition- estimated from
survey data using capability approach show female deprivation. Further,
it provides evidence to argue that lower bargaining power of females in
the intra household distribution of resources emanates from their worse
breakdown position, their valuation of family interest above self-interest
and their lower perceived contribution to household opulence.
JEL Classification : J16, C70
Key Words : deprivation, capabilities, well-being, co-operative conflic
Effective Sidewall Functionalization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Dichlorocarbene Addition using New Soluble Multi-site Phase Transfer Catalysts
The novel soluble multi-site phase transfer catalysts (MPTCs), viz., 2,6-bis (triethylammoniummethylene chloride)-4-methoxytoluene (BTEACM) and 3,3’,5,5’-tetrakis (dimethylaminopyridinium chloride) biphenyl (TDMAPCB) containing two, and four active sites was synthesized, and characterized through Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, carbon nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. The obtained MPTCs were used as a catalysts for sidewall functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in dichlorocarbene (CCl2) addition, and compared their functionalization yield with commercially available single site PTC and tri-site PTC viz., benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) and 2,4,6-tris (triethylammoniummethylene chloride) mesitylene (TTEAMCM). The functionalization of CCl2 on MWCNTs was established by the appearance of increased peak intensity of C-Cl(str) at 700 cm-1 and decreased peak intensity of C-C(str) at 1260 cm-1 in FTIR analysis. The increased ID/IG ratio from pristine MWCNTs (0.3) to MWCNT-CCl2 hybrid (1.58) obtained from Raman studies strongly proved the covalent functionalization of CCl2 on MWCNTs. Furthermore, the change of surface morphology, and increased diameter of MWCNT-CCl2 hybrids obtained from irrespective of MPTCs were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Hence, TDMAPCB showed higher reactivity for sidewall functionalization of MWCNTs in CCl2 addition
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