113 research outputs found
Charge Symmetry Breaking in the Valence Quark Distributions of the Nucleon
Using a quark model, we study the effect of charge symmetry breaking on the
valence quark distributions of the nucleon. The effect due to quark mass
differences and the Coulomb interaction of the electrically charged quarks is
calculated and, in contrast to recent claims, found to be small. In addition,
we investigate the effect of charge symmetry breaking in the confining
interaction, and in the perturbative evolution equations used to relate the
quark model distributions to experiment. We find that both these effects are
small, and that the strong charge symmetry breaking effect included in the
scalar confining interactions may be distinguishable from that generated by
quark mass differences.Comment: 10 pages, LaTEX, 5 Postscript figure
A Quantum-Mechanical Equivalent-Photon Spectrum for Heavy-Ion Physics
In a previous paper, we calculated the fully quantum-mechanical cross section
for electromagnetic excitation during peripheral heavy-ion collisions. Here, we
examine the sensitivity of that cross section to the detailed structure of the
projectile and target nuclei. At the transition energies relevant to nuclear
physics, we find the cross section to be weakly dependent on the projectile
charge radius, and to be sensitive to only the leading momentum-transfer
dependence of the target transition form factors. We exploit these facts to
derive a quantum-mechanical ``equivalent-photon spectrum'' valid in the
long-wavelength limit. This improved spectrum includes the effects of
projectile size, the finite longitudinal momentum transfer required by
kinematics, and the response of the target nucleus to the off-shell photon.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figure
Time-dependent embedding: surface electron emission
An embedding method for solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation is
developed using the Dirac-Frenkel variational principle. Embedding allows the
time-evolution of the wavefunction to be calculated explicitly in a limited
region of space, the region of physical interest, the embedding potential
ensuring that the wavefunction satisfies the correct boundary conditions for
matching on to the rest of the system. This is applied to a study of the
excitation of electrons at a metal surface, represented by a one-dimensional
model potential for Cu(111). Time-dependent embedding potentials are derived
for replacing the bulk substrate, and the image potential and vacuum region
outside the surface, so that the calculation of electron excitation by a
surface perturbation can be restricted to the surface itself. The excitation of
the Shockley surface state and a continuum bulk state is studied, and the
time-structure of the resulting currents analysed. Non-linear effects and the
time taken for the current to arrive outside the surface are discussed. The
method shows a clear distinction between emission from the localized surface
state, where the charge is steadily depleted, and the extended continuum state
where the current emitted into the vacuum is compensated by current approaching
the surface from the bulk.Comment: 15 figure
Microscopic description of Coulomb and nuclear excitation of multiphonon states in Ca + Ca collisions
We calculate the inelastic scattering cross sections to populate one- and
two-phonon states in heavy ion collisions with both Coulomb and nuclear
excitations. Starting from a microscopic approach based on RPA, we go beyond it
in order to treat anharmonicities and non-linear terms in the exciting field.
These anharmonicities and non-linearities are shown to have important effects
on the cross sections both in the low energy part of the spectrum and in the
energy region of the Double Giant Quadrupole Resonance. By properly introducing
an optical potential the inelastic cross section is calculated semiclassically
by integrating the excitation probability over all impact parameters. A
satisfactory agreement with the experimental results is obtained.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures, revtex, to be published in Phys. Rev.
Valence Quark Distribution in A=3 Nuclei
We calculate the quark distribution function for 3He/3H in a relativistic
quark model of nuclear structure which adequately reproduces the nucleon
approximation, nuclear binding energies, and nuclear sizes for small nuclei.
The results show a clear distortion from the quark distribution function for
individual nucleons (EMC effect) arising dominantly from a combination of
recoil and quark tunneling effects. Antisymmetrization (Pauli) effects are
found to be small due to limited spatial overlaps. We compare our predictions
with a published parameterization of the nuclear valence quark distributions
and find significant agreement.Comment: 18pp., revtex4, 4 fig
Charge symmetry violation in the parton distributions of the nucleon
We point out that charge symmetry violation in both the valence and sea quark
distributions of the nucleon has a non-perturbative source. We calculate this
non-perturbative charge symmetry violation using the meson cloud model, which
has earlier been successfully applied to both the study of SU(2) flavour
asymmetry in the nucleon sea and quark-antiquark asymmetry in the nucleon. We
find that the charge symmetry violation in the valence quark distribution is
well below 1%, which is consistent with most low energy tests but significantly
smaller than the quark model prediction about 5%-10%. Our prediction for the
charge symmetry violation in the sea quark distribution is also much smaller
than the quark model calculation.Comment: RevTex, 26 pages, 6 PostScript figure
Shadowing in neutrino deep inelastic scattering and the determination of the strange quark distribution
We discuss shadowing corrections to the structure function in neutrino
deep-inelastic scattering on heavy nuclear targets. In particular, we examine
the role played by shadowing in the comparison of the structure functions
measured in neutrino and muon deep inelastic scattering. The importance of
shadowing corrections in the determination of the strange quark distributions
is explained.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figure
Mutual heavy ion dissociation in peripheral collisions at ultrarelativistic energies
We study mutual dissociation of heavy nuclei in peripheral collisions at
ultrarelativistic energies. Earlier this process was proposed for beam
luminosity monitoring via simultaneous registration of forward and backward
neutrons in zero degree calorimeters at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
Electromagnetic dissociation of heavy ions is considered in the framework of
the Weizsacker-Williams method and simulated by the RELDIS code. Photoneutron
cross sections measured in different experiments and calculated by the GNASH
code are used as input for the calculations of dissociation cross sections. The
difference in results obtained with different inputs provides a realistic
estimation for the systematic uncertainty of the luminosity monitoring method.
Contribution to simultaneous neutron emission due to grazing nuclear
interactions is calculated within the abrasion model. Good description of CERN
SPS experimental data on Au and Pb dissociation gives confidence in predictive
power of the model for AuAu and PbPb collisions at RHIC and LHC.Comment: 46 pages with 7 tables and 13 figures, numerical integration accuracy
improved, next-to-leading-order corrections include
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