Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia and Thrombocytopenia by Constant Administration of Stem Cell Factor

Purpose: Chemotherapy-induced apoptosis of immature hematopoietic cells is a major cause of anemia and thrombocytopenia in cancer patients. Although hematopoietic growth factors such as erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factors cannot prevent the occurrence of drug-induced myelosuppression, stem cell factor (SCF) has been previously shown to protect immature erythroid and megakaryocytic cells in vitro from drug-induced apoptosis. However, the effect of SCF in vivo as a single myeloprotective agent has never been elucidated. Experimental Design: The ability of SCF to prevent the occurrence of chemotherapy-induced anemia and thrombocytopenia was tested in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced myelosuppression. To highlight the importance of maintaining a continuous antiapoptotic signal in immature hematopoietic cells, we compared two treatment schedules: in the first schedule, SCF administration was interrupted during chemotherapy treatment and resumed thereafter, whereas in the second schedule, SCF was administered without interruption for 7 days, including the day of chemotherapy treatment. Results: The administration of SCF to cisplatin-treated mice could preserve bone marrow integrity, inhibit apoptosis of erythroid and megakaryocytic precursors, prevent chemotherapy-induced anemia, and rapidly restore normal platelet production. Treatment with SCF increased the frequency of Bcl-2/Bcl-XL\u2013 positive bone marrow erythroid cells and sustained Akt activation in megakaryocytes. Myeloprotection was observed only when SCF was administered concomitantly with cisplatin and kept constantly present during the days following chemotherapy treatment. Conclusions: SCF treatment can prevent the occurrence of chemotherapy-induced anemia and thrombocytopenia in mice, indicating a potential use of this cytokine in the supportive therapy of cancer patients

Elimination of quiescent/slow-proliferating cancer stem cells by Bcl-XL inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, urging the discovery of novel molecular targets and therapeutic strategies. Stem cells have been recently isolated from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), thus allowing the investigation of molecular pathways specifically active in the tumorigenic population. We have found that Bcl-XL is constantly expressed by lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) and has a prominent role in regulating LCSC survival. Whereas chemotherapeutic agents were scarcely effective against LCSC, the small molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-XL inhibitor ABT-737, but not the selective Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199, induced LCSC death at nanomolar concentrations. Differently from gemcitabine, which preferentially eliminated proliferating LCSC, ABT-737 had an increased cytotoxic activity in vitro towards quiescent/slow-proliferating LCSC, which expressed high levels of Bcl-XL. In vivo, ABT-737 as a single agent was able to inhibit the growth of LCSC-derived xenografts and to reduce cancer stem cell content in treated tumors. Altogether, these results indicate that quiescent/slow-proliferating LCSC strongly depend on Bcl-XL for their survival and indicate Bcl-XL inhibition as a potential therapeutic avenue in NSCLC