24 research outputs found
TARGET: A Digitizing And Trigger ASIC For The Cherenkov Telescope Array
The future ground-based gamma-ray observatory Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA)
will feature multiple types of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, each
with thousands of pixels. To be affordable, camera concepts for these
telescopes have to feature low cost per channel and at the same time meet the
requirements for CTA in order to achieve the desired scientific goals. We
present the concept of the TeV Array Readout Electronics with GSa/s sampling
and Event Trigger (TARGET) Application Specific Circuit (ASIC), envisaged to be
used in the cameras of various CTA telescopes, e.g. the Gamma-ray Cherenkov
Telescope (GCT), a proposed 2-Mirror Small-Sized Telescope, and the
Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT), a proposed Medium-Sized Telescope. In the
latest version of this readout concept the sampling and trigger parts are split
into dedicated ASICs, TARGET C and T5TEA, both providing 16 parallel input
channels. TARGET C features a tunable sampling rate (usually 1 GSa/s), a 16k
sample deep buffer for each channel and on-demand digitization and transmission
of waveforms with typical spans of ~100 ns. The trigger ASIC, T5TEA, provides 4
low voltage differential signal (LVDS) trigger outputs and can generate a
pedestal voltage independently for each channel. Trigger signals are generated
by T5TEA based on the analog sum of the input in four independent groups of
four adjacent channels and compared to a threshold set by the user. Thus, T5TEA
generates four LVDS trigger outputs, as well as 16 pedestal voltages fed to
TARGET C independently for each channel. We show preliminary results of the
characterization and testing of TARGET C and T5TEA.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on
High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy (Gamma2016
Superoleophilic Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Effective Hydrocarbon Removal from Water
Oil spills and sea turtles: Documented effects and considerations for response and assessment efforts
Hydrocarbon (i.e. oil) extraction, transport, consumption, and pollution occur daily in marine environments, threatening vulnerable natural resources, habitats, and biodiversity. However, threats of episodic oil spills to imperiled marine species are not as well-studied as more acute, readily apparent threats such as incidental capture in fisheries and habitat degradation. We performed a global review of spill incident databases to evaluate reported effects of oil spills on sea turtles, which are flagship species of the world’s oceans. Our goals were to (1) summarize available information about oil spills and their effects on sea turtles; (2) identify major knowledge gaps; and (3) provide recommendations related to oil spills and sea turtles for managers, researchers, and conservation groups around the world. Over 2000 oil spill incidents of variable magnitude (range: ~20 to >1 million barrels) have occurred worldwide in the past 60 yr in areas where sea turtles are found, but resulting effects on sea turtles have been reported in less than 2% of those incidents. Further, evidence indicates that most effects are related to heavy external oiling, while chemical effects of oil exposure have not been well defined. We recommend that, where available, resources be prioritized to document co-occurrence of turtles and oil, the degree and nature of oil exposure, and mortality and reproductive losses to individual sea turtles and their populations caused by spills and spill response activities. These data will best inform assessments of the extent and magnitude of adverse effects of oil spills on sea turtles
Effects of growth rate and mercury partial pressure on twin formation in HgCdTe (111) layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
TARGET 5: A new multi-channel digitizer with triggering capabilities for gamma-ray atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes
TARGET 5 is a new application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) of the TARGET family, designed for the readout of signals from photosensors in the cameras of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) for ground-based gamma-ray astronomy. TARGET 5 combines sampling and digitization on 16 signal channels with the formation of trigger signals based on the analog sum of groups of four channels. We describe the ASIC architecture and performance. TARGET 5 improves over the performance of the first-generation TARGET ASIC, achieving: tunable sampling frequency from 1 GSa/s; a dynamic range on the data path of 1.2 V with effective dynamic range of 11 bits and DC noise of similar to 0.6 mV; 3-dB bandwidth of 500 MHz; crosstalk between adjacent channels 100 p.e. (assuming 4 mV per p.e.); and minimum stable trigger threshold of 20 mV (5 p.e.) with trigger noise of 5 mV (1.2 p.e.), which is mostly limited by interference between trigger and sampling operations. TARGET 5 is the first ASIC of the TARGET family used in an IACT prototype, providing one development path for readout electronics in the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved