Preliminary observations in the design and operation of a three panel, double trawl net

Fishing operations were conducted off Kakinada using a 3 panel double trawl net with twin cod-ends to study the utility of the net in catching both bottom and off bottom fishes. The observations indicate that the net is effective in simultaneous catching of bottom as well as off-bottom fishes and separating them while in operation. The design details of the net and the particulars of the fishing operations conducted are presented

One-pot C–C/C–O bond formation: synthesis of spirocyclic lactones

An efficient and practical method for the synthesis of novel spiro(tri or tetra)cyclic lactones via the formation of C–C and C–O bonds in one-pot is presented. The method was successful under Lewis acidic (FeCl3) conditions and enabled the formation of spiro(tri or tetra)cyclic lactones from simple aliphatic exocyclic enoate esters as reacting partners with phenols. Remarkably, the usual self-aromatization of cyclohexanone based enoate esters, under such Lewis acidic conditions is overridden by intermolecular coupling. Significantly, the method was amenable to indanone derived esters as well and furnished novel spiro(tetra or penta)cyclic lactones bearing simple to dense functionalities on the aromatic rings. Notably, these novel spirocyclic systems constitute core structures of natural/unnatural compounds that show good biological properties

On the optimum buoyancy-weight relation for a bottom trawl

Comparative fishing operations were carried out with 0.55; 0.75 and 1.00 buoyancy-weight relations of bottom trawl in order to find out the optimum relation. Two nets, 18.26 m. (60') two seam nylon and 16.16 m. (23') two seam cotton trawls, were used for the experiment. The results showed that the total catch per trawling hour with 0.75 B-W relation was 16.5% and 32.08% more than that with 0.55 and 1.00 B-W relation for nylon net used. A similar trend was noticed with cotton trawl also as the catch rate with 0.75 B-W relation was 13.89% and 25.78% more than that with 0.55 and 1.00 B-W relations. However, the analysis of catch composition indicated that the off bottom fishes like lactarius, upenoides sp., synagris sp. etc., were of more percentage with 1.00 B-W relation, near bottom fish like saurida, sciaenids etc., were more with 0.75 B-W relation, while the bottom fishes like soles, prawns, skates and rays etc., were more with 0.55 B-W relation

Blossom-end rot of Anab-e-Shahi grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

To assess the association of N, P, K, Ca and Mg nutrition with "Blossom-end rot" of Anab-e-Shahi grape, petioles, leaf blades, berries and peels from five normal and five rot-affected vineyards were analysed. Results of the analysis indicated that the defective calcium assimilation by fruits is responsible for this disorder, rather than the differential uptake of calcium by vines.Fruchtendenfäule bei der Rebsorte Anab-e-Shahi (Vitis vinifera L.)Um die Beziehung der N-, P-, K-, Ca- und Mg-Ernährung zur Fruchtendenfäule (Blossom-end rot) der Rebsorte Anab-e-Shahi zu klären, wurden Blattstiele, Blattspreiten, Beeren und Beerenhäute aus je 5 Rebanlagen ohne erkrankte und mit erkrankten Beeren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß weniger die verschieden starke Aufnahme des Calciums durch die Rebe als eine unzulängliche Assimilation des Calciums durch die Früchte für das Auftreten der Krankheit verantwortlich ist