Towards a Common Language of Infrastructure Interdependency

Infrastructure systems can exist interdependently with one another either by design, necessity or evolution. There is evidence that interdependencies can be the source of emergent benefits and hazards, and therefore there is value in their identification and management. Achieving this requires collaboration and communication between infrastructure stakeholders across all relevant sectors. Recognising, developing and sharing multiple understandings of infrastructure interdependency and dependency will facilitate a wide range of multi-disciplinary and cross-sectorial work and support productive stakeholder dialogues. This paper therefore aims to initiate discussion around the nature of infrastructure interdependency and dependency in order to establish the basis of a useful, coherent and complete conceptual taxonomy. It sets out an approach for locating this taxonomy and language within a framework of commonplace stakeholder viewpoints. The paper looks at the potential structural arrangements of infrastructure interdependencies before exploring the qualitative ways in which the relationships can be characterised. This builds on the existing body of knowledge as well as experience through case studies in developing an Interdependency Planning and Management Framework for Infrastructure

Norwegian Aerospace Activities: an Overview

Excerpts from a Governmental Investigation concerning Norwegian participation in the European Space Organization (ESA) is presented. The implications and advantages of such a move and a suggestion for the reorganization of Norwegian Aerospace activity is given

Surface magnetic ordering in topological insulators with bulk magnetic dopants

We show that a three dimensional topological insulator doped with magnetic impurities in the bulk can have a regime where the surface is magnetically ordered but the bulk is not. This is in contrast to conventional materials where bulk ordered phases are typically more robust than surface ordered phases. The difference originates from the topologically protected gapless surface states characteristic of topological insulators. We study the problem using a mean field approach in two concrete models that give the same qualitative result, with some interesting differences. Our findings could help explain recent experimental results showing the emergence of a spectral gap in the surface state of Bi2Se3 doped with Mn or Fe atoms, but with no measurable bulk magnetism.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Topological Anderson Insulator in Three Dimensions

Disorder, ubiquitously present in solids, is normally detrimental to the stability of ordered states of matter. In this letter we demonstrate that not only is the physics of a strong topological insulator robust to disorder but, remarkably, under certain conditions disorder can become fundamentally responsible for its existence. We show that disorder, when sufficiently strong, can transform an ordinary metal with strong spin-orbit coupling into a strong topological `Anderson' insulator, a new topological phase of quantum matter in three dimensions.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. For related work and info visit http://www.physics.ubc.ca/~franz

Witten effect in a crystalline topological insulator

It has been noted a long time ago that a term of the form theta (e^2/2\pi h) B dot E may be added to the standard Maxwell Lagrangian without modifying the familiar laws of electricity and magnetism. theta is known to particle physicists as the 'axion' field and whether or not it has a nonzero expectation value in vacuum remains a fundamental open question of the Standard Model. A key manifestation of the axion term is the Witten effect: a unit magnetic monopole placed inside a medium with non-zero theta is predicted to bind a (generally fractional) electric charge -e(theta/2 pi+n) with n integer. Here we conduct a first test of the Witten effect, based on the recently established fact that the axion term with theta=pi emerges naturally in the description of the electromagnetic response of a new class of crystalline solids called topological insulators - materials distinguished by strong spin-orbit coupling and non-trivial band structure. Using a simple physical model for a topological insulator, we demonstrate the existence of a fractional charge bound to a monopole by an explicit numerical calculation. We also propose a scheme for generating an 'artificial' magnetic monopole in a topological insulator film, that may be used to facilitate the first experimental test of Witten's prediction.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Version to appear in PRB; minor changes, discussion of several issues expande

Photometric catalog of nearby globular clusters (I)

We present the first part of the first large and homogeneous CCD color-magnitude diagram (CMD) data base, comprising 52 nearby Galactic globular clusters (GGC) imaged in the V and I bands using only two telescopes (one for each hemisphere). The observed clusters represent 75% of the known Galactic globulars with (m-M)v<=16.15 mag, cover most of the globular cluster metallicity range (-2.2 <= [Fe/H] <= -0.4), and span Galactocentric distances from ~1.2 to ~18.5 kpc. In this paper, the CMDs for the 39 GGCs observed in the southern hemisphere are presented. The remaining 13 northern hemisphere clusters of the catalog are presented in a companion paper. For four clusters (NGC 4833, NGC 5986, NGC 6543, and NGC 6638) we present for the first time a CMD from CCD data. The typical CMD spans from the 22nd V magnitude to the tip of the red giant branch. Based on a large number of standard stars, the absolute photometric calibration is reliable to the ~0.02 mag level in both filters. This catalog, because of its homogeneity, is expected to represent a useful data base for the measurement of the main absolute and relative parameters characterizing the CMD of GGCs.Comment: 34 pages, 108 figures, Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series, in press. Full resolution figures can be obtained from the authors upon reques