Xanthan gum production by X. Campestris ATCC 13951 using deproteinated cheese whey

A goma xantana é um biopolímero microbiano producido pela bactéria Xanthomonas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a produção de goma xantana por processo fermentativo utilizando a linhagem X. campestris ATCC 13951 e como fonte de carbono: soro de queijo desproteinado suplementado com extrato de levedura e sulfato de amônia como fontes de nitrogênio; soro de queijo desproteinado suplementado só com extrato de levedura como fonte de nitrogênio e só soro de queijo desproteinado sem suplementos, tempo de fermentação de 72h para os três meios. Dos meios em análise aquele constituido apenas por soro de queijo desproteinado, atingiu o maior rendimento com valor de 58% e a melhor qualidade de goma.Xantan gum is a biopolimer produced by bacteria from the generous Xantomonas. The objective of this work was to study the xantan gum production using the X. campestris ATCC 13591 and deproteined cheese whey, deproteined cheese whey supplemented with yeast extract and deproteined cheese whey supplemente with yeast extract and ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source during 72 hours of fermentation. The best result was found when the medium was not supplemented, reaching yield of 58% and good quality of the gum.La goma xantana es un biopolímero microbiano producido por la bacteria Xanthomonas. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la producción de goma xantana por proceso fermentativo utilizando linaje X. campestris ATCC 13951 y como fuente de carbono: suero de queso desproteinizado adicionado de extracto de levadura y sulfato de amonio como fuentes de nitrógeno; suero de queso desproteinizado adicionado solo con extracto de levadura como fuente de nitrógeno y como tercer medio el propio suero de queso desproteinizado; tiempo de fermentación de 72h para los tres medios. De los medios evaluados aquel constituido únicamente por el propio suero de queso desproteinizado, alcanzó el mayor rendimiento con un valor de 58% y la mejor calidad de goma

Xanthan gum production by X. Campestris ATCC 13951 using deproteinated cheese whey

A goma xantana é um biopolímero microbiano producido pela bactéria Xanthomonas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a produção de goma xantana por processo fermentativo utilizando a linhagem X. campestris ATCC 13951 e como fonte de carbono: soro de queijo desproteinado suplementado com extrato de levedura e sulfato de amônia como fontes de nitrogênio; soro de queijo desproteinado suplementado só com extrato de levedura como fonte de nitrogênio e só soro de queijo desproteinado sem suplementos, tempo de fermentação de 72h para os três meios. Dos meios em análise aquele constituido apenas por soro de queijo desproteinado, atingiu o maior rendimento com valor de 58% e a melhor qualidade de goma.Xantan gum is a biopolimer produced by bacteria from the generous Xantomonas. The objective of this work was to study the xantan gum production using the X. campestris ATCC 13591 and deproteined cheese whey, deproteined cheese whey supplemented with yeast extract and deproteined cheese whey supplemente with yeast extract and ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source during 72 hours of fermentation. The best result was found when the medium was not supplemented, reaching yield of 58% and good quality of the gum.La goma xantana es un biopolímero microbiano producido por la bacteria Xanthomonas. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la producción de goma xantana por proceso fermentativo utilizando linaje X. campestris ATCC 13951 y como fuente de carbono: suero de queso desproteinizado adicionado de extracto de levadura y sulfato de amonio como fuentes de nitrógeno; suero de queso desproteinizado adicionado solo con extracto de levadura como fuente de nitrógeno y como tercer medio el propio suero de queso desproteinizado; tiempo de fermentación de 72h para los tres medios. De los medios evaluados aquel constituido únicamente por el propio suero de queso desproteinizado, alcanzó el mayor rendimiento con un valor de 58% y la mejor calidad de goma

Quantifying disparities in access to public-sector abortion based on legislative differences within the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

En el área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, solo las mujeres en el centro de la ciudad tienen acceso local al aborto legal en el primer trimestre. Cuantificamos cómo esta discrepancia legislativa afecta el acceso al aborto legal del sector público en el área metropolitana.Diseño del estudio: en este estudio observacional, utilizamos un conjunto de datos que representa el 67.2% de todos los abortos ocurridos entre 2010 y 2012 en el programa de aborto público de la Ciudad de México y los datos de la población del censo. Calculamos las tasas de utilización de 75 municipios en el área metropolitana para 2010-2012. Comparamos la utilización entre municipios con y sin acceso legal local, ajustando las diferencias en los impulsores sociodemográficos de la demanda de aborto. Exploramos los efectos de la legalidad del aborto local, el tiempo de viaje y el estado socioeconómico (SES). Resultados: las mujeres que tuvieron que viajar al centro de la ciudad para realizar abortos legales utilizaron los servicios en solo el 18,6% (IC del 95%: 13,3% a 33,0%) de la tasa esperada si tenían acceso local, ajustándose a los factores sociodemográficos. Después de controlar el tiempo de viaje y SES, las mujeres que vivían donde el aborto es ilegal tuvieron una reducción del 58.6% (IC 95% 21.5% –78.1%), y cada 15 minutos adicionales de viaje redujeron aún más el acceso en un 33.7% (IC 95% 18.2% –46.3%). Las mujeres que viajan para buscar abortos legales tienen más probabilidades de haber completado la educación secundaria en comparación con otras mujeres en edad reproductiva en su municipio (p = <.00001). Conclusiones: Encontramos que, en el Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, tanto vivir donde el aborto es ilegal como tener que viajar más lejos para acceder a los servicios reduce sustancialmente el acceso al aborto legal del sector público. Estas cargas afectan de manera desproporcionada a las mujeres de SES inferiores. Implicaciones: Tanto la legalidad local como el acceso inmediato son clave para garantizar la equidad en el acceso al aborto en el sector público. La legalización de los servicios de aborto en el área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México tiene el potencial de aumentar la equidad en la utilización y satisfacer la demanda insatisfecha de aborto legal.www.elsevier.com/locate/conwww.elsevier.com/locate/co

DNA barcoding reveals both known and novel taxa in the Albitarsis Group (Anopheles: Nyssorhynchus) of Neotropical malaria vectors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mosquitoes belonging to the Albitarsis Group (<it>Anopheles</it>: <it>Nyssorhynchus</it>) are of importance as malaria vectors across the Neotropics. The Group currently comprises six known species, and recent studies have indicated further hidden biodiversity within the Group. DNA barcoding has been proposed as a highly useful tool for species recognition, although its discriminatory utility has not been verified in closely related taxa across a wide geographic distribution.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>DNA barcodes (658 bp of the mtDNA <it>Cytochrome c Oxidase </it>- <it>COI</it>) were generated for 565 <it>An. albitarsis </it>s.l. collected in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Trinidad and Venezuela over the past twenty years, including specimens from type series and type localities. Here we test the utility of currently advocated barcoding methodologies, including the Kimura-two-parameter distance model (K2P) and Neighbor-joining analysis (NJ), for determining species delineation within mosquitoes of the Neotropical Albitarsis Group of malaria vectors (<it>Anopheles</it>: <it>Nyssorhynchus</it>), and compare results with Bayesian analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Species delineation through barcoding analysis and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, fully concur. Analysis of 565 sequences (302 unique haplotypes) resolved nine NJ tree clusters, with less than 2% intra-node variation. Mean intra-specific variation (K2P) was 0.009 (range 0.002 - 0.014), whereas mean inter-specific divergence were several-fold higher at 0.041 (0.020 - 0.056), supporting the reported "barcoding gap". These results show full support for separate species status of the six known species in the Albitarsis Group (<it>An. albitarsis </it>s.s., <it>An. albitarsis </it>F, <it>An. deaneorum</it>, <it>An. janconnae</it>, <it>An. marajoara </it>and <it>An. oryzalimnetes</it>), and also support species level status for two previously detected lineages - <it>An. albitarsis </it>G &<it>An. albitarsis </it>I (designated herein). In addition, we highlight the presence of a unique mitochondrial lineage close to <it>An. deaneorum </it>and <it>An. marajoara </it>(<it>An. albitarsis </it>H) from Rondônia and Mato Grosso in southwestern Brazil. Further integrated studies are required to confirm the status of this lineage.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>DNA barcoding provides a reliable means of identifying both known and undiscovered biodiversity within the closely related taxa of the Albitarsis Group. We advocate its usage in future studies to elucidate the vector competence and respective distributions of all eight species in the Albitarsis Group and the novel mitochondrial lineage (<it>An. albitarsis </it>H) recovered in this study.</p

Confirmation of Anopheles (Anopheles) calderoni Wilkerson, 1991 (Diptera: Culicidae) in Colombia and Ecuador through molecular and morphological correlation with topotypic material

The morphologically similar taxa Anopheles calderoni, Anopheles punctimacula, Anopheles malefactor and Anopheles guarao are commonly misidentified. Isofamilies collected in Valle de Cauca, Colombia, showed morphological characters most similar to An. calderoni, a species which has never previously been reported in Colombia. Although discontinuity of the postsubcostal pale spots on the costa (C) and first radial (R1) wing veins is purportedly diagnostic for An. calderoni, the degree of overlap of the distal postsubcostal spot on C and R1 were variable in Colombian specimens (0.003-0.024). In addition, in 98.2% of larvae, seta 1-X was located off the saddle and seta 3-C had 4-7 branches in 86.7% of specimens examined. Correlation of DNA sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer and mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) barcodes (658 bp of the COI gene) generated from Colombian progeny material and wild-caught mosquitoes from Ecuador with those from the Peruvian type series of An. calderoni confirmed new country records. DNA barcodes generated for the closely related taxa, An. malefactor and An. punctimacula are also presented for the first time. Examination of museum specimens at the University of the Valle, Colombia, revealed the presence of An. calderoni in inland localities across Colombia and at elevations up to 1113 m

Malaria vector species in Colombia: a review

Here we present a comprehensive review of the literature on the vectorial importance of the major Anopheles malaria vectors in Colombia. We provide basic information on the geographical distribution, altitudinal range, immature habitats, adult behaviour, feeding preferences and anthropophily, endophily and infectivity rates. We additionally review information on the life cycle, longevity and population fluctuation of Colombian Anopheles species. Emphasis was placed on the primary vectors that have been epidemiologically incriminated in malaria transmission: Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles nuneztovari. The role of a selection of local, regional or secondary vectors (e.g., Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and Anopheles neivai) is also discussed. We highlight the importance of combining biological, morphological and molecular data for the correct taxonomical determination of a given species, particularly for members of the species complexes. We likewise emphasise the importance of studying the bionomics of primary and secondary vectors along with an examination of the local conditions affecting the transmission of malaria. The presence and spread of the major vectors and the emergence of secondary species capable of transmitting human Plasmodia are of great interest. When selecting control measures, the anopheline diversity in the region must be considered. Variation in macroclimate conditions over a species' geographical range must be well understood and targeted to plan effective control measures based on the population dynamics of the local Anopheles species