Extensive signal integration by the phytohormone protein network

Plant hormones coordinate responses to environmental cues with developmental programs1, and are fundamental for stress resilience and agronomic yield2. The core signalling pathways underlying the effects of phytohormones have been elucidated by genetic screens and hypothesis-driven approaches, and extended by interactome studies of select pathways3. However, fundamental questions remain about how information from different pathways is integrated. Genetically, most phenotypes seem to be regulated by several hormones, but transcriptional profiling suggests that hormones trigger largely exclusive transcriptional programs4. We hypothesized that protein–protein interactions have an important role in phytohormone signal integration. Here, we experimentally generated a systems-level map of the Arabidopsis phytohormone signalling network, consisting of more than 2,000 binary protein–protein interactions. In the highly interconnected network, we identify pathway communities and hundreds of previously unknown pathway contacts that represent potential points of crosstalk. Functional validation of candidates in seven hormone pathways reveals new functions for 74% of tested proteins in 84% of candidate interactions, and indicates that a large majority of signalling proteins function pleiotropically in several pathways. Moreover, we identify several hundred largely small-molecule-dependent interactions of hormone receptors. Comparison with previous reports suggests that noncanonical and nontranscription-mediated receptor signalling is more common than hitherto appreciated

¹H NMR spectral study of some 4-hydroxy-2,6-diphenylpiperidines and a systematic analysis of ¹H chemical shifts in some piperidines and 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives

517-5241H NMR spectra have been recorded for c(4)-hydroxy-r(2),c(6)-diphenylpiperidine 7a and its t(3)-methyl, t(3)-ethyl, t(3)-isopropyl, 3,3-dimethyl and t(3), t(5)-dimethyl derivatives 8a-12a and the corresponding axial 4-hydroxy epimers 7b-12b, at 270 MHz. Various 1H chemical shifts and coupling constants have been determined by analysis of the spectra. The vicinal coupling constants suggest that boat form may make a slight contribution to the equatorial alcohols. The Δδea value for the 5-methylene protons is less in the axial alcohol than in the corresponding equatorial alcohol and in the case of 11b this value is negative. The effects of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and hydroxyl groups on the chemical shifts of ring protons are discussed. Analysis of the reported proton chemical shifts of 9-hydroxy-3,7-diazabicyclo [3 .3.l]nonanes 1a-4a suggests that the 3,7-diphenyl compounds should exist in boat-chair conformation

Synthesis and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral study of some t(3)-aryl-r(2),c(4)- dicarbalkoxy-c(5)- hydroxy-t(5)- methylcyclohexanones and their oximes

1004-1013Eight t(3)-aryl-r(2),c(4)-bis(carbalkoxy)-c(5)- hydroxy-t(5)-methylcyclohexanone oximes 4a (Ar = Ph; R = Et), 5a (Ar = p-NO₂C₆H₄; R = Et), 6a (Ar = p-ClC₆H₄; R = Et), 7a (Ar = Ph; R = Me), 8a (Ar = p-NMe₂C₆H₄; R = Me), 9a (Ar = m-NO₂C₆H₄; R = Me), 10a (Ar = p-FC₆H₄; R = Me) and 11a (Ar = p-OMeC₆H₄; R = Me) have been synthesized by treating the corresponding ketones with NH₂OH in the presence of sodium acetate. Ketones 8-11 have been newly synthesized by condensing methyl acetoacetate with the appropriate aromatic aldehyde in presence of methylamine. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of ketones 7, 8, 10 and 11 and oximes 4a, 5a and 6a have been recorded in CDCl₃. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of ketone 9 and the other oximes 7a-11a have been recorded in DMSO-d₆ since they are insoluble in CDCl₃. HOMOCOR spectrum has been recorded for 7 (in CDCl₃) and 7a. NOESY spectrum has been recorded for 4a, 7 (in CDCl₃ and DMSO-d₆), 7a and 8a. HSQC spectrum has been recorded for 7 (in CDCl₃) and 7a. HMBC spectrum has been recorded for 5a and 7a. DEPT spectrum has been recorded for 4a. The observed vicinal coupling constants suggest that all the compounds studied exist largely in chair conformation with axial orientations of the hydroxyl group at C-5 and equatorial orientations of all the other substituents. All the oximes have E configuration about C=N bond. The OH-proton at C-5 prefers to be anti to C(5)-C(6) bond in CDCl₃ but anti to C(4)-C(5) bond in DMSO-d₆. Change of solvent from CDCl₃ to DMSO-d₆ has a marked effect on the chemical shifts of the protons in the cyclohexane ring and OH proton. Among the two methylene protons at C-6 the equatorial proton has a higher chemical shift than the axial proton in CDCl₃ but a reverse trend is observed in DMSO-d₆. However,¹³C chemical shifts are not influenced by the change of solvent. Oximation shields all the ring carbons of the cyclohexane ring except C-4. Oximation shields all the protons in the cyclohexane ring except H-6e, which is deshielded by about 0.9 to 1.0 ppm. Use of ¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts for determining the configuration and conformation of oximes is also discussed

Design, Development, and Performance Optimization of Farm Level Black Gram Dehuller

Small-scale farmers in India and other developing countries have been using traditional stone local dehuller (chakki) for pulse milling, which is extremely slow and less effective. In this study, a low-cost and easy-to-operate farm-level pulse dehuller was developed to enhance farm mechanization in the processing sector. The performance of the developed dehuller was evaluated using three independent parameters, namely roller speed (19.47, 22.72, 25.97 m.s-1), feed rate (60, 90, 120 kg.h-1), and two emery rollers (Grit No. 40, Grit No. 50). To optimize the parameters, results were fitted in multi-level categorical general factorial design using design expert software. The maximum dehulling efficiency (84.62 %), maximum whole dehulled kernel (48.45 %), and minimum loss (2.78%) were obtained at roller speed of 19.47 m.s-1 and feed rate of 90 kg.h-1 with Grit No.50 roller. Compared to the traditional pulse dehulling process, the developed pulse dehuller could save 2.29 ₹ .Kg-1 in cost and 10.24 min.kg-1 in time

In silico Target Class Prediction and Probabilities for Plant Derived Omega 3 Fatty Acid from Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract

Plant Derived Omega 3 Fatty Acid – α Linolenic Acid (ALA) a carboxylic acid with 18 carbon atoms, 3 cis double bonds. ALA obtained from plant based food source is converted into eicosa-pentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA). However, the rate of conversion is influenced by dose, gender, and health status. Further, intake of ALA significantly reduces the risk of sudden death among myocardial infarction patients consistent with induced antiarrhythmic effect. ALA is concomitant with cardiovascular-protective, anti-cancer, neuro-protective, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. ALA has anti-metabolic syndrome that regulates gut-micro-floral functionalities. Clinical trials indicate that ALA can be used in the management of multi-metabolic syndrome effects but in-depth target based ADMET studies are required to ascertain its clinical efficacy and market potential. Keywords: ADMET; Moringa oleifera; Secondary Metabolites; Natural Products (NPs); Bioactive Substances; Octadecatrienoic acid (ODA); Eicosa-Pentaenoic Acid (EPA); Docosa-Hexaenoic Acid (DHA); Plant Derived Omega 3 Fatty Acid (PDO3FA

ADMET-informatics, Pharmacokinetics, Drug-likeness and Medicinal Chemistry of Bioactive Compounds of Physalis minima Ethanolic Leaf Extract (PMELE) as a Potential Source of Natural Lead Molecules for Next Generation Drug Design, Development and Therapies

Physalis minima (PM) belongs to the family Solanaceae. PM has been traditionally used to cure and prevent several disorders as documented in Vedic Texts. Nevertheless, scientific values of traditional claims haven't been explored yet. In the previous study, GCMS analysis of P. minima ethanolic leaf extracts (PMELE) indicated the presence of Cyclobutanol (C4H8O); D-Alanine (C3H7O2N); 2-Heptanol, 6-Amino-2-Methyl (C8H19ON); 1-Pentanol, 4-Amino (C5H13NO); Benzeneethanamine, 3-Fluoro-Beta.,5-Dihydroxy-N-Methyl (C9H12FNO2) and L-Alanine, N-(N-Acetylglycyl)-, Butyl Ester (C11H20N2O4). However, biological activities of these bioactive compounds are not known which hampers the exploitation of these compounds by pharma-industries on a commercial scale. This study on ADMET, Pharmacokinetics, Drug-likeness and Medicinal Chemistry of Bioactive Compounds in PMELE aims to provide baseline information on PBNPs as a potential source of natural lead molecules for next generation drug design, development and therapeutics. Keywords: PM-PBNPs; ADMET; PMELE; Pharmacokinetics; Drug-likeness; Drug Development; Bioactive Compound