A New Optimized Reduced Order Model of High-order Discrete Time Systems and Design

This paper presents a method of designing the Controller for large scale discrete time systems. The Controller is designed via a reduced order model for a given high order system. In the proposed reduction method, the numerator coefficients are obtained using Interpolation criteria while the denominator polynomial is obtained by using, one of the stability preserving methods, the Dominant pole method. An optimised reduced order model is derived with minimum ISE. It has been shown that the control designed for the reduced order model, when applied to the higher order system, improves the performance of the controlled system. The method has been tested by considering typical numerical examples, available in the literature, and the results are found to be satisfactory. Index Terms: Interpolation criterion; control; order reduction; controller simplification DOI: 10.7176/ISDE/11-1-04 Publication date: January 31st 202

Performance and Stability of Pearl Millet Varieties for Grain Yield and Micronutrients in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of India

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is grown under both arid and semi-arid conditions in India, where other cereals are hard to grow. Pearl millet cultivars, hybrids, and OPVs (open pollinated varieties) are tested and released by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Pearl Millet (AICRP-PM) across three zones (A1, A, and B) that are classified based on rainfall pattern. Except in locations with extreme weather conditions, hybrids dominate pearl millet growing areas, which can be attributed to hybrid vigor and the active role of the private sector. The importance of OPVs cannot be ruled out, owing to wider adaptation, lower input cost, and timely seed availability to subsidiary farmers cultivating this crop. This study was conducted to scrutinize the presently used test locations for evaluation of pearl millet OPVs across India, identify the best OPVs across locations, and determine the variation in grain Fe and Zn contents across locations in these regions. Six varieties were evaluated across 20 locations in A1 and A (pooled as A) and B zones along with three common checks and additional three zonal adapted checks in the respective zones during the 2019 rainy season. Recorded data on yield and quality traits were analyzed using genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction biplot method. The genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was found to be highly significant for all the grain yield and agronomic traits and for both micronutrients (iron and zinc). However, genotypic effect (G) was four (productive tillers) to 49 (grain Fe content) times that of G × E interaction effect for various traits across zones that show the flexibility of OPVs. Ananthapuramu is the ideal test site for selecting pearl millet cultivars effectively for adaptation across India, while Ananthapuramu, Perumallapalle, and Gurugram can also be used as initial testing locations. OPVs MP 599 and MP 600 are identified as ideal genotypes, because they showed higher grain and fodder yields and stability compared with other cultivars. Iron and zinc concentration showed highly significant positive correlation (across environment = 0.83; p < 0.01), indicating possibility of simultaneous effective selection for both traits. Three common checks were found to be significantly low yielders than the test entries or zonal checks in individual zones and across India, indicating the potential of genetic improvement through OPVs

Characterization of Granulations of Calcium and Apatite in Serum as Pleomorphic Mineralo-Protein Complexes and as Precursors of Putative Nanobacteria

Calcium and apatite granulations are demonstrated here to form in both human and fetal bovine serum in response to the simple addition of either calcium or phosphate, or a combination of both. These granulations are shown to represent precipitating complexes of protein and hydroxyapatite (HAP) that display marked pleomorphism, appearing as round, laminated particles, spindles, and films. These same complexes can be found in normal untreated serum, albeit at much lower amounts, and appear to result from the progressive binding of serum proteins with apatite until reaching saturation, upon which the mineralo-protein complexes precipitate. Chemically and morphologically, these complexes are virtually identical to the so-called nanobacteria (NB) implicated in numerous diseases and considered unusual for their small size, pleomorphism, and the presence of HAP. Like NB, serum granulations can seed particles upon transfer to serum-free medium, and their main protein constituents include albumin, complement components 3 and 4A, fetuin-A, and apolipoproteins A1 and B100, as well as other calcium and apatite binding proteins found in the serum. However, these serum mineralo-protein complexes are formed from the direct chemical binding of inorganic and organic phases, bypassing the need for any biological processes, including the long cultivation in cell culture conditions deemed necessary for the demonstration of NB. Thus, these serum granulations may result from physiologically inherent processes that become amplified with calcium phosphate loading or when subjected to culturing in medium. They may be viewed as simple mineralo-protein complexes formed from the deployment of calcification-inhibitory pathways used by the body to cope with excess calcium phosphate so as to prevent unwarranted calcification. Rather than representing novel pathophysiological mechanisms or exotic lifeforms, these results indicate that the entities described earlier as NB most likely originate from calcium and apatite binding factors in the serum, presumably calcification inhibitors, that upon saturation, form seeds for HAP deposition and growth. These calcium granulations are similar to those found in organisms throughout nature and may represent the products of more general calcium regulation pathways involved in the control of calcium storage, retrieval, tissue deposition, and disposal

Integrative management of diabetic foot ulcer with Homoeopathy and standard care

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious complication of diabetes associated with severe morbidity leading to poor quality of life and high cost of treatment. Many physicians are of the opinion that effective, multidisciplinary management of foot ulcer is necessary to avoid adverse consequences such as amputation and permanent disability. Homoeopathy offers an effective and safe management of these cases through its unique holistic approach. Here is one such case of chronic DFU, which has been refractory to the conventional management, treated satisfactorily with Homoeopathy. It has been observed that, with homoeopathic treatment, apart from healing of the ulcer, the general health of the patient has also improved

Iodine as a mild and efficient catalyst for the diastereoselective synthesis of δ-silyloxy-γ-lactones

Aldehydes undergo smooth nucleophilic addition with 2-trimethylsilyloxyfuran in the presence of 10 mol % of iodine under mild and neutral conditions to produce the corresponding δ-silyloxy-α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactones in high yields and with moderate diastereoselectivity. ortho-Substituted benzaldehydes afford the syn-isomer predominantly. The use of iodine makes this procedure quite simple, more convenient and cost-effective

First example of C-3 alkylation of indoles with activated azetidines catalyzed by indium(III) bromide

Indoles undergo smooth alkylation with N-tosylazetidines in the presence of indium(III) bromide in dichloroethane under mild conditions to produce the corresponding C-3 substituted indole derivatives in good to high yields and with high selectivity. This is the first report on the alkylation of indoles with activated azetidines

FeCl<SUB>3</SUB>-catalyzed functionalization of monoterpenes via hydroalkylation of unactivated alkenes

Monoterpenes such as &#945;-pinene, &#946;-pinene, limonene and isolimonene undergo smooth hydroalkoxylation in the presence of 20 mol % of FeCl<SUB>3</SUB> under mild reaction conditions to produce a wide range of the corresponding ethers in excellent yields and with high selectivity

High frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata A. Br.

10.1007/BF00039734Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture24279-82PTCE

Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate-lithium iodide: a novel reagent system for the synthesis of N-arylpyrrolidines

Aldimines, generated in situ from arylamines and aryl aldehydes, undergo smooth cycloaddition with cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate in the presence of the cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate-lithium iodide reagent system in refluxing acetonitrile under neutral conditions to produce the corresponding N-arylpyrrolidines in good yields with high selectivity