All That is Gold Does Not Glitter in Human Clinical Research: A Law-Policy Proposal to Brighten the Global Gold Standard for Drug Research and Development

This Article challenges the global science standard for putting new drugs on pharmacy shelves. The primary premise is that the gold standard of group experimental design is an antiquated extension of drug development\u27s crude-science past, and is inconsistent with the precision of contemporary genetics-the science that increasingly dominates the drug development pipeline. The Article identifies law-policy options that would raise the standard for human clinical research under the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

All that is Gold Does Not Glitter in Human Clinical Research: A Law– Policy Proposal to Brighten the Global “Gold Standard” for Drug Research and Development

This Article challenges the global science standard for putting new drugs on pharmacy shelves. The primary premise is that the “gold standard” of group experimental design is an antiquated extension of drug development’s crude-science past, and is inconsistent with the precision of contemporary genetics— the science that increasingly dominates the drug development pipeline. The Article identifies law– policy options that would raise the standard for human clinical research under the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

All That is Gold Does Not Glitter in Human Clinical Research: A Law-Policy Proposal to Brighten the Global Gold Standard for Drug Research and Development

This Article challenges the global science standard for putting new drugs on pharmacy shelves. The primary premise is that the gold standard of group experimental design is an antiquated extension of drug development\u27s crude-science past, and is inconsistent with the precision of contemporary genetics-the science that increasingly dominates the drug development pipeline. The Article identifies law-policy options that would raise the standard for human clinical research under the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

Two types of all-optical magnetization switching mechanisms using femtosecond laser pulses

Magnetization manipulation in the absence of an external magnetic field is a topic of great interest, since many novel physical phenomena need to be understood and promising new applications can be imagined. Cutting-edge experiments have shown the capability to switch the magnetization of magnetic thin films using ultrashort polarized laser pulses. In 2007, it was first observed that the magnetization switching for GdFeCo alloy thin films was helicity-dependent and later helicity-independent switching was also demonstrated on the same material. Recently, all-optical switching has also been discovered for a much larger variety of magnetic materials (ferrimagnetic, ferromagnetic films and granular nanostructures), where the theoretical models explaining the switching in GdFeCo films do not appear to apply, thus questioning the uniqueness of the microscopic origin of all-optical switching. Here, we show that two different all-optical switching mechanisms can be distinguished; a "single pulse" switching and a "cumulative" switching process whose rich microscopic origin is discussed. We demonstrate that the latter is a two-step mechanism; a heat-driven demagnetization followed by a helicity-dependent remagnetization. This is achieved by an all-electrical and time-dependent investigation of the all-optical switching in ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic Hall crosses via the anomalous Hall effect, enabling to probe the all-optical switching on different timescales.Comment: 1 page, LaTeX; classified reference number