Design implications for task-specific search utilities for retrieval and re-engineering of code

The importance of information retrieval systems is unquestionable in the modern society and both individuals as well as enterprises recognise the benefits of being able to find information effectively. Current code-focused information retrieval systems such as Google Code Search, Codeplex or Koders produce results based on specific keywords. However, these systems do not take into account developers’ context such as development language, technology framework, goal of the project, project complexity and developer’s domain expertise. They also impose additional cognitive burden on users in switching between different interfaces and clicking through to find the relevant code. Hence, they are not used by software developers. In this paper, we discuss how software engineers interact with information and general-purpose information retrieval systems (e.g. Google, Yahoo!) and investigate to what extent domain-specific search and recommendation utilities can be developed in order to support their work-related activities. In order to investigate this, we conducted a user study and found that software engineers followed many identifiable and repeatable work tasks and behaviours. These behaviours can be used to develop implicit relevance feedback-based systems based on the observed retention actions. Moreover, we discuss the implications for the development of task-specific search and collaborative recommendation utilities embedded with the Google standard search engine and Microsoft IntelliSense for retrieval and re-engineering of code. Based on implicit relevance feedback, we have implemented a prototype of the proposed collaborative recommendation system, which was evaluated in a controlled environment simulating the real-world situation of professional software engineers. The evaluation has achieved promising initial results on the precision and recall performance of the system

Importance of selected factors influencing the size of tawny owl Strix aluco territories in the forests of Lublin region

Study analysis the influence of selected factors on the size of tawny owl Strix aluco territories in the forests of Lublin region. The survey was held in years 2005 and 2006 using the voice stimulation. The territory area was determined using Minimum Convex Polygon method. 43 territories with the average size of 18.8 ha were set on 26 study sites. The largest territory was found for birds during laying and incubation period (102.6 ha) and during after−breeding period (98.3 ha). Significant differences in territory size was found depending on the breeding density (high density – average territory size of 5.1 ha, low density – 26.9 ha). The average territory area in winter was 1.5 ha (range 1−2.7 ha), in spring 20.8 ha (1−102.6 ha), in summer 10.8 ha (1−65.5 ha) and in autumn 30.9 ha (1−98.3 ha)

90Sr, 241Am and plutonium in Barn Owl skeletons (Tyto alba Scop.) from southeast Poland

Numerous studies concerned with accumulation of several various groups of chemical compounds have been performed on Bam Owls (Tyto alba Scop.). But up to now we have no data about concentrations of radionuclides in their tissues. However, in Europe a large part of the breeding range of this species might have received fallout from Chernobyl. Nine skeletons of Barn Owls collected in 1999-2002 in southeastern Poland were analyzed for 90Sr, 241Am and plutonium. The results revealed 239+240Pu (< 0.004 Bq/kg - 0.051 ± 0.007 Bq/kg ash weight), 241Am (< 0.02 Bq/kg - < 0.06 Bq/kg ash weight) and 90Sr (9.7 ± 0.9 Bq/kg - 46.8 ± 3.6 Bq/kg ash weight) concentrations to be similar to those observed in the prey species; therefore, the conclusion is that no accumulative effect has been seen

Effect of the forest structure on the number and territory size of nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus

We analysed 7 territories of the nightjar located in the Puławy Forest District (eastern Poland). Density of the breeding population on the studied area was 0.88 territory/km². The smallest territory covered 4.5 ha, while the biggest one – 18.7 ha (average 13 ha). Birds were found in a loose birch and pine forest, in the plantation and nearby the working railway. Significant differences in open area contribution and in share of undergrowth and brushwood were found between analysed territories and random patches. Greater biodiversity was found in places chosen by birds

Effect of grazing of local cattle breeds on biodiversity of meadows and pastures in Polesie Lubelskie region

Celem badań było określenie wpływu wypasu rodzimych ras bydła na różnorodność biologiczną flory i fauny pastwiskowej. Badania przeprowadzono na dwóch powierzchniach próbnych: WY – powierzchnia o wielkości 3 ha z wypasem bydła rasy białogrzbietej i polskiej czarno-białej, NW – powierzchnia niewypasana o wielkości 3,5 ha. Wybrane do badań działki zlokalizowane były obok siebie w otulinie (tuż przy granicy) Poleskiego Parku Narodowego. Wypas prowadzono zgodnie z wymogami pakietu 5.1 programu rolnośrodowiskowego, przy obsadzie nieprzekraczającej 1 DJP/1 ha TUZ, od 1 maja do 15 października 2012 r. Ocenę florystyczną przeprowadzono dwukrotnie w ciągu okresu wegetacyjnego na dwóch reprezentatywnych, jednorodnych płatach roślinności o powierzchni 25 m2, na podstawie spisów florystycznych. W ocenie płatów uwzględniono: bogactwo gatunkowe, frekwencję, udział form życiowych oraz przynależność syntaksonomiczną. Liczenie ptaków polegało na przemieszczaniu się po powierzchni próbnej i liczeniu wszystkich widzianych lub słyszanych ptaków. Podstawą do zakwalifikowania do gatunków lęgowych było 3-4-krotne stwierdzenie śpiewającego lub odzywającego się głosem godowym ptaka, obserwacja osobników zaniepokojonych, ptaków z pokarmem lub budujących gniazdo. Notowano także gatunki ptaków nielęgowych, które wykorzystywały wypasany lub niewypasany fragment środowiska, a także obecność bydła do zdobywania pożywienia. Przeprowadzone wstępne badania wskazują, że wypas rodzimych ras bydła tylko w nieznacznym stopniu zmniejsza bioróżnorodność flory pastwiskowej, umożliwia jednak zachowanie gatunków cennych, np. Dianthus superbus. Wykazano, że odpowiednio prowadzony wypas stwarza dogodne warunki dla ptaków łąkowo- -pastwiskowych oraz zwiększa bioróżnorodność ich siedlisk.The research aim was to determine the effect of grazing on biodiversity of meadow and pasture ecosystems in the Polesie Lubelskie region. Research was conducted on two test areas: WY – 3 ha where White-backed and Polish Black-and-White cows were grazed and NW – 3,5 ha without grazing. The plots selected to research were located next to each other, right next to the border of Poleski National Park. Grazing was conducted in accordance with the requirements of 5.1 package of agrienvironmental Programme from May 1st to October 15th at stock not exceeding 1 livestock unit per 1 ha of permanent grasslands. The diversity of flora was studied in two representative, homogeneous areas of vegetation (25 m2 per each). In the research, the method of mapping of all species was applied. Terrain analysis was conducted twice during the growing period. The sociological-ecological structure, species frequency, life forms of plants and biodiversity of flora was characterized. Bird counts relied on movement across the research area and counting all seen or heard birds as well as on record of all found places in GPS devices. Three-four times finding of singing or voice-mating season bird, observation of concerned individuals, birds with the feed or nest builders was the basis to qualify these birds as nesting species. Moreover, the non-nesting bird species were recorded. They used the grazing or non-grazing parts of research areas as well as a presence of cattle to gain nourishment. The preliminary studies indicate that grazing of native cattle breeds slightly decreases only the flora biodiversity. However, it enables a conservation of valuable species, i.e. Dianthus superbus. It has been shown that a properly conducted pasturage creates favorable conditions for meadow-pasture birds and increases the biodiversity of their habitats

Implicit Predictive Indicators: Mouse Activity and Dwell Time

Part 5: Agents (AGE)International audienceHumans vary in their learning behaviour. It is difficult to predict the actual needs of learners through their search activity. It is also difficult to predict accurately the level of satisfaction after the learner finds a perceived relevant document. This research is a preliminary study to examine the predictive strength of some implicit indicators on web documents. An automated study was carried out and 13 participants were given 15 short documents to read and rate according to their perception of relevance to a given topic area. An investigation was carried out to examine if there exists a correlation between user generated implicit indicators and the explicit ratings. The findings show that there is a positive correlation between the dwell time and user explicit ratings. Although there was no significant correlation between mouse movement/distance and user explicit rating, there was a relationship between the homogeneous clusters of the implicit indicators and the user ratings