A RARE CASE OF PULMONARY ASPERGILLOMA

Pulmonary aspergilloma is unprecedented disorder affecting lung parenchyma in already existing cavity in healed pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Typically, it is resulting from Aspergillus fumigates leading to development of fungal ball. Common presenting complaints are Haemoptysis, Dyspnoea, Cough, Chest pain and Fever. We are reporting a case of Pulmonary aspergilloma a sequel of Pulmonary tuberculosis, has been recognized on basis of clinical findings, chest X-ray, CT thorax in which Fungal ball is seen in pre-existing cavity. It has been managed with antifungal drug Amphotericin B and Itraconazole. It must be differentiated from different clinical entity specifically Lung carcinoma on basis of relevant examination and research to treat successfully

A RARE CASE OF PULMONARY ASPERGILLOMA

Pulmonary aspergilloma is unprecedented disorder affecting lung parenchyma in already existing cavity in healed pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Typically, it is resulting from Aspergillus fumigates leading to development of fungal ball. Common presenting complaints are Haemoptysis, Dyspnoea, Cough, Chest pain and Fever. We are reporting a case of Pulmonary aspergilloma a sequel of Pulmonary tuberculosis, has been recognized on basis of clinical findings, chest X-ray, CT thorax in which Fungal ball is seen in pre-existing cavity. It has been managed with antifungal drug Amphotericin B and Itraconazole. It must be differentiated from different clinical entity specifically Lung carcinoma on basis of relevant examination and research to treat successfully

Mammary stem cells have myoepithelial cell properties.

Contractile myoepithelial cells dominate the basal layer of the mammary epithelium and are considered to be differentiated cells. However, we observe that up to 54% of single basal cells can form colonies when seeded into adherent culture in the presence of agents that disrupt actin-myosin interactions, and on average, 65% of the single-cell-derived basal colonies can repopulate a mammary gland when transplanted in vivo. This indicates that a high proportion of basal myoepithelial cells can give rise to a mammary repopulating unit (MRU). We demonstrate that myoepithelial cells, flow-sorted using two independent myoepithelial-specific reporter strategies, have MRU capacity. Using an inducible lineage-tracing approach we follow the progeny of myoepithelial cells that express α-smooth muscle actin and show that they function as long-lived lineage-restricted stem cells in the virgin state and during pregnancy.This work was funded by Cancer Research UK, Breast Cancer Campaign, the University of Cambridge, Hutchison Whampoa Limited, La Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe Labelisée 2013) and a grant from Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR- 08-BLAN-0078-01 to M.A.G.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature at http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ncb3025.html

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Human Mammary Stem/Progenitor Cells in Long Term Culture

Background: Cancer stem cells exhibit close resemblance to normal stem cells in phenotype as well as function. Hence, studying normal stem cell behavior is important in understanding cancer pathogenesis. It has recently been shown that human breast stem cells can be enriched in suspension cultures as mammospheres. However, little is known about the behavior of these cells in long-term cultures. Since extensive self-renewal potential is the hallmark of stem cells, we undertook a detailed phenotypic and functional characterization of human mammospheres over long-term passages. Methodology: Single cell suspensions derived from human breast `organoids' were seeded in ultra low attachment plates in serum free media. Resulting primary mammospheres after a week (termed T1 mammospheres) were subjected to passaging every 7th day leading to the generation of T2, T3, and T4 mammospheres. Principal Findings: We show that primary mammospheres contain a distinct side-population (SP) that displays a CD24(low)/CD44(low) phenotype, but fails to generate mammospheres. Instead, the mammosphere-initiating potential rests within the CD44(high)/CD24(low) cells, in keeping with the phenotype of breast cancer-initiating cells. In serial sphere formation assays we find that even though primary (T1) mammospheres show telomerase activity and fourth passage T4 spheres contain label-retaining cells, they fail to initiate new mammospheres beyond T5. With increasing passages, mammospheres showed an increase in smaller sized spheres, reduction in proliferation potential and sphere forming efficiency, and increased differentiation towards the myoepithelial lineage. Significantly, staining for senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity revealed a dramatic increase in the number of senescent cells with passage, which might in part explain the inability to continuously generate mammospheres in culture. Conclusions: Thus, the self-renewal potential of human breast stem cells is exhausted within five in vitro passages of mammospheres, suggesting the need for further improvisation in culture conditions for their long-term maintenance

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