Cytomegalovirus retinitis in the absence of AIDS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate systemic and ophthalmic features associated with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in immunocompetent patients. Retrospective chart review. Nine patients with CMV retinitis who were clinically immunocompetent at the time of diagnosis. Retrospective chart review of patients evaluated at the Casey Eye Institute, University of Washington, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and University of Toronto. IRB approval was obtained. Retrospective chart review of patients evaluated at the Casey Eye Institute, University of Washington, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and University of Toronto. IRB approval was obtained. Seven of the nine patients in our series were 60 years of age or above. Three patients had intravitreal steroid and VEGF inhibitor injections in the preceding year in the affected eye. Five of the nine patients were initially misdiagnosed to have acute retinal necrosis (ARN) for which they were on Valacyclovir for a variable period of time. Seven patients had anterior chamber and eight had vitreous inflammation. Six of the nine patients exhibited vascular attenuation or obliteration. All patients showed improvement in retinitis within weeks following therapy with intravitreal foscarnet and/or ganciclovir and systemic valganciclovir

Neural control of lower urinary tract and targets for pharmacological therapy

Studies on the physiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract have brought new information and concepts about the complex neural control of micturition. There are many mechanisms, some proven and others not yet completely understood, in which pharmacological agents may act facilitating the filling, storage, and emptying of the bladder. This review describes the peripheral innervation and the main pathways involved in lower urinary tract control. It also presents potential targets for the treatment of voiding dysfunctions.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sect Urogynecol & Vaginal Surg, Dept Gynecol, BR-05639010 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Sect Urogynecol & Vaginal Surg, Dept Gynecol, BR-05639010 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc