Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio of Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication

Synthetic cannabinoids represent an increasingly popular trend, and acute intoxication is widely seen in emergency rooms and intensive care units (ICU), as they are inexpensive and easily accessible. Cannabinoids mediate their effects through binding specific receptors which are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. Cannabinoid-2 receptors are primarily found in the immune system and mediate immunosuppression by inducing apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation and suppression of cytokine and chemokine production. Many studies have discussed the effects of cannabinoids on the hematological and immune systems but controversial results have been reported. The aim of this study was to identify laboratory findings of acute synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. Forty-two patients, admitted to the ‘Anesthesia intensive care unit’ between 2014 and 2015 with synthetic cannabinoid intoxication, were studied retrospectively to assess the relationship between synthetic cannabinoid intoxication and complete blood count (white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. WBC neutrophil count decreased at ICU discharge when compared to ICU admission (p<0.001). The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes was also lower at ICU discharge when compared to ICU admission (p<0.05)

Validation of tracheal intubation of wire-reinforced endotracheal tube with ultrasonography

Objective. Te use of ultrasonography (US) is a new method for verifying the location of the endotracheal tube. Design. Our study was designed as a paired-data and investigator-blind clinical study for evaluating the efectiveness of US for verifcation of wire-reinforced endotracheal tube (WR-ETT) placement compared with capnography. Setting. Tis study was conducted on 56 patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. Patients. Fify patients completed the study as 6 were excluded for various reasons. Intervention. Two diferent investigators performed the ultrasonography and intubation independently from one another. While investigator 1 attempted to verify the location of the WR-ETT with a portable ultrasonography with sagittal trans-tracheal view, investigator 2 intubated the patient and verifed the location of the ETT using capnography. Measurements. Time for verifying the location of the ETT using both US and capnography was recorded. Main Results. When the ultrasonography method was compared with capnography for verifcation of the WR-ETT placement, the results showed 95.75% sensitivity and 100% specifcity. Te average verifcation times for endotracheal intubation were 12.78 ± 7.46 s. and 24.44 ± 1.45 s. with US and capnography, respectively (p=0.003). Conclusion. Our results suggest that ultrasound identifcation of a WR-ETT within the trachea is a rapid and accurate method for confrmation of tracheal placement. Larger studies are needed before widespread use of this technique

Comparison of endotracheal intubation successes with macintosh, glidescope and airtraq laryngoscopes

Amaç: Başarılı hava yolu yönetimi, anestezi uygulamalarında hasta güvenliğinde gerekli birincil ve en önemli adımdır. Son yıllarda ventilasyon ve entübasyon için kullanılan malzemelerin çeşitliliğinin artmasından dolayı zor hava yolu yönetiminde daha avantajlı duruma gelinmiştir. Glidescope ve Airtraq laringoskoplar da bu amaçla geliştirilmiş alternatif laringoskopi cihazlarıdır. Bu prospektif, randomize, klinik çalışmamızda Macintosh, Glidescope ve Airtraq laringoskoplar ile gerçekleştirilen endotrakeal entübasyon başarısını; Cormack-Lehane laringoskopik sınıflaması, entübasyon süresi, deneme sayısı, entübasyon için ihtiyaç duyulan kolaylaştırıcı manevra kullanımı yönünden birbirlerine olan üstünlüklerini karşılaştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntem: Çalışmaya elektif cerrahi uygulanacak, 18 yaşından büyük, ASA I-II fizyolojik risk grubundaki 180 hasta dahil edildi. Hastalar rastgele üç gruba ayrıldı. Grup-A’ da Macintosh laringoskopla, Grup-B’de Glidescope laringoskopla ve Grup-C’de Airtraq laringoskopla entübe edilen hastaların Cormack-Lehane laringoskopik sınıflaması, entübasyon süresi, entübasyon deneme sayısı, entübasyon için ihtiyaç duyulan kolaylaştırıcı manevralar ve entübasyona ait komplikasyonlar kaydedildi ve karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Demografik veriler gruplar arasında benzer bulundu. Glidescop ve Airtraq laringoskop gruplarının Cormack Lehane laringoskopik skoru, entübasyon süreleri, deneme sayıları ve kolaylaştırıcı manevra kullanımı parametreleri benzer olup Macintosh grubundan üstündü. Grupların entübasyon başarı oranları ve entübasyona bağlı komplikasyonlar açısından, Glidescope ve Airtraq laringoskopi grupları ile Macintosh laringoskopi grubu ile sıklığı benzerdi. Sonuç: Çalışmamızın sonucunda Glidescope ve Airtraq laringoskoplarının Macintosh laringoskopa kıyasla daha iyi glotis görüntüsü sağladığı ve entübasyonu kolaylaştırdığı kanısına vardık. Bununla birlikte gruplar arasında entübasyon başarı oranlarında ve komplikasyon sıklıklarında ise farklılık tespit etmedik.Objective: Successful airway management is the primary and most crucial step required for patient safety in anesthetic application. Due to the increase in the variety of materials used for ventilation and intubation in recent years, successful airway management has become more advantageous in difficult airway management. The development of Glidescope and Airtraq laryngoscopes are used as alternative laryngoscopy devices. The aim of the present prospective randomized study is to compare superiority of the success of endotracheal intubation performed with Macintosh, Glidescope and Airtraq laryngoscopes in terms of Cormack-Lehane laryngoscopic classification, intubation duration, number of attempts, and use of facilitating maneuvers required for intubation. Methods: Totally 180 patients over 18 years of age, in ASA I-II physiological risk group, who would undergo elective surgery were included in the study. The patients were randomly divided into three groups. Cormack-Lehane laryngoscopic classification, intubation duration, number of intubation attempts, facilitating maneuvers required for intubation, and complications related to intubation were recorded and compared in patients who were intubated with Macintosh laryngoscope in Group-A, Glidescope laryngoscope in Group-B, and Airtraq laryngoscope in Group-C. Results: It was found that demographic data were similar between groups. Cormack-Lehane laryngoscopic score, intubation duration, number of attempts and use of facilitating maneuver parameters of the Glidescope and Airtraq laryngoscope groups were similar and superior to the Macintosh group. In terms of intubation success rates and complications related to intubation, the frequency of the Macintosh laryngoscope group was similar to the Glidescope and Airtraq laryngoscope groups. Conclusion: According to the result of the study, it was concluded that Glidescope and Airtraq laryngoscopes provide a better view of glotis and ease intubation compared to Macintosh laryngoscope. However, we did not find any difference in intubation success and complication rates between the groups