Endometrial stromal tumors: immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of potential targets of tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Abstract Background The systemic treatment of malignant endometrial stromal tumors (EST) is not well established. A few reports describe objective responses to imatinib, which suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for these tumors. Due to these facts, we aimed to perform a retrospective analysis of possible molecular targets of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in EST: KIT, PDGFRA and EGFR. Methods 52 endometrial stromal sarcomas and 13 undifferentiated endometrial sarcomas were examined and reviewed. Mutational analysis were performed for exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 of the KIT gene, exons 12 and 18 of the PDGFRA gene and exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the EGFR gene. The incidence and distribution of the KIT, PDGFRA, and EGFR expression were examined by immunohistochemistry, and EGFR amplification was assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results No mutations in KIT, PDGFRA and EGFR genes were detected. Overexpression of KIT, PDGFRA, EGFR, was detected in 2 (3%), 23 (35.4%), 7 (10.8%) cases respectively, whereas amplification of EGFR gene was not found. Conclusions Absence of significant expression, amplification and activating mutations on these tyrosine kinase receptors suggest that it is unlikely that EST can benefit from therapies such as TKI on the systemic setting.Support for this study was obtained from NovartisPeer Reviewe

Ciudades latinoamericanas : desigualdad, segregación y tolerancia

En América Latina, tradicionalmente, el análisis de la desigualdad en las ciudades se asoció al de la segregación urbana, en general, y residencial, en particular. Sin embargo, las formas actuales de la vida urbana desbordan ese concepto y, por tanto, la desigualdad socio-territorial ya no puede considerarse sólo en relación a la localización de los actores en un enclave fijo. Es necesario, abordarla como gradientes móviles y relacionales en la ciudad