23 research outputs found
Overview of rock glacier kinematics research in the Swiss Alps: seasonal rhythm, interannual variations and trends over several decades
Reanalysis of multi-temporal aerial images of Storglaciären, Sweden (1959â99) â Part 1: Determination of length, area, and volume changes
Storglaciären, located in the Kebnekaise massif in northern Sweden, has a long history of glaciological research. Early photo documentations date back to the late 19th century. Measurements of front position variations and distributed mass balance have been carried out since 1910 and 1945/46, respectively. In addition to these in-situ measurements, aerial photographs have been taken at decadal intervals since the beginning of the mass balance monitoring program and were used to produce topographic glacier maps. Inaccuracies in the maps were a challenge to early attempts to derive glacier volume changes and resulted in major differences when compared to the direct glaciological mass balances. In this study, we reanalyzed dia-positives of the original aerial photographs of 1959, -69, -80, -90 and -99 based on consistent photogrammetric processing. From the resulting digital elevation models and orthophotos, changes in length, area, and volume of Storglaciären were computed between the survey years, including an assessment of related errors. Between 1959 and 1999, Storglaciären lost an ice volume of 19Ă106 m3, which corresponds to a cumulative ice thickness loss of 5.69 m and a mean annual loss of 0.14 m. This ice loss resulted largely from a strong volume loss during the period 1959â80 and was partly compensated during the period 1980â99. As a consequence, the glacier shows a strong retreat in the 1960s, a slowing in the 1970s, and pseudo-stationary conditions in the 1980s and 1990s
Reanalysis of multi-temporal aerial images of Storglaciären, Sweden (1959â99) â Part 2: Comparison of glaciological and volumetric mass balances
Seasonal glaciological mass balances have been measured on Storglaciären without interruption since 1945/46. In addition, aerial surveys have been carried out on a decadal basis since the beginning of the observation program. Early studies had used the resulting aerial photographs to produce topographic glacier maps with which the in-situ observations could be verified. However, these maps as well as the derived volume changes are subject to errors which resulted in major differences between the derived volumetric and the glaciological mass balance. As a consequence, the original photographs were re-processed using uniform photogrammetric methods, which resulted in new volumetric mass balances for 1959â69, 1969â80, 1980â90, and 1990â99. We compared these new volumetric mass balances with mass balances obtained by standard glaciological methods including an uncertainty assessment considering all related previous studies. The absolute differences between volumetric and the glaciological mass balances are 0.8 m w.e. for the period of 1959â69 and 0.3 m w.e. or less for the other survey periods. These deviations are slightly reduced when considering corrections for systematic uncertainties due to differences in survey dates, reference areas, and internal ablation, whereas internal accumulation systematically increases the mismatch. However, the mean annual differences between glaciological and volumetric mass balance are less than the uncertainty of the in-situ stake reading and stochastic error bars of both data series overlap. Hence, no adjustment of the glaciological data series to the volumetric one is required
Resolving the influence of temperature forcing through heat conduction on rock glacier dynamics: a numerical modelling approach
In recent years, observations have highlighted seasonal and
interannual variability in rock glacier flow. Temperature forcing, through
heat conduction, has been proposed as one of the key processes to explain
these variations in kinematics. However, this mechanism has not yet been
quantitatively assessed against real-world data.
We present a 1-D numerical modelling approach that couples heat conduction to
an empirically derived creep model for ice-rich frozen soils. We use this
model to investigate the effect of thermal heat conduction on seasonal and
interannual variability in rock glacier flow velocity. We compare the model
results with borehole temperature data and surface velocity measurements from
the PERMOS and PermaSense monitoring network available for the Swiss Alps. We
further conduct a model sensitivity analysis in order to resolve the
importance of the different model parameters. Using the prescribed
empirically derived rheology and observed near-surface temperatures, we are
able to model the correct order of magnitude of creep. However, both
interannual and seasonal variability are underestimated by an order of
magnitude, implying that heat conduction alone cannot explain the observed
variations. Therefore, we conclude that non-conductive processes, likely
linked to water availability, must dominate the short-term velocity signal.</p
Three Decades of Volume Change of a Small Greenlandic Glacier Using Ground Penetrating Radar, Structure from Motion, and Aerial Photogrammetry
Volume estimation, kinematics and sediment transfer rates of active rockglaciers in the Turtmann Valley, Switzerland
Rockglaciers represent major sediment storages and transport components of the periglacial system. A multi-method approach combining geomorphological mapping, DTM analyses, digital photogrammetry and geodetic survey, was applied to quantify volumes and kinematics for the calculation of sediment transfer rates of a rockglacier in the Turtmann Valley, Switzerland. Compared to other studies, the calculated thicknesses and also the volumes and masses of the landforms appeared to be rather small. Calculated with a mass of 0.53 million tons and with different annual velocities, the annual transfer rate of the rockglacier HuHH3 ranges between 0.13 M t/a for the period 1975â1993 and a maximum value of 0.9 M t/a for the year 2003/2004. Accounting for the simplicity of thickness models and due to the limited knowledge on internal deformation, the amount of moving sediment can only be estimated and conclusions have to be drawn with care
Dendrogeomorphological analysis of alpine trees and shrubs growing on active and inactive rockglaciers
Rock glaciers on the run – understanding rock glacier landform evolution and recent changes from numerical flow modeling
Rock glaciers are landforms that form as a result of creeping mountain
permafrost which have received considerable attention concerning their
dynamical and thermal changes. Observed changes in rock glacier motion on
seasonal to decadal timescales have been linked to ground temperature
variations and related changes in landform geometries interpreted as signs of
degradation due to climate warming. Despite the extensive kinematic and
thermal monitoring of these creeping permafrost landforms, our understanding
of the controlling factors remains limited and lacks robust quantitative
models of rock glacier evolution in relation to their environmental setting.
<br><br>
Here, we use a holistic approach to analyze the current and long-term
dynamical development of two rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps. Site-specific
sedimentation and ice generation rates are linked with an adapted numerical
flow model for rock glaciers that couples the process chain from material
deposition to rock glacier flow in order to reproduce observed rock glacier
geometries and their general dynamics. Modeling experiments exploring the
impact of variations in rock glacier temperature and sedimentâice supply show
that these forcing processes are not sufficient to explain the currently
observed short-term geometrical changes derived from multitemporal digital
terrain models at the two different rock glaciers. The modeling also shows
that rock glacier thickness is dominantly controlled by slope and rheology
while the advance rates are mostly constrained by rates of sedimentâice
supply. Furthermore, timescales of dynamical adjustment are found to be
strongly linked to creep velocity. Overall, we provide a useful modeling
framework for a better understanding of the dynamical response and
morphological changes of rock glaciers to changes in external forcing