Testing \u3cem\u3eThe Limits of Law Enforcement\u3c/em\u3e

A Review of The Limits of Law Enforcement by Hans Zeise

Chemoselective Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling via kinetic transmetallation

Chemoselective Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling generally requires a designed deactivation of one nucleophile towards transmetallation. Here we show that boronic acids can be chemoselectively reacted in the presence of ostensibly equivalently reactive boronic acid pinacol (BPin) esters by kinetic discrimination during transmetallation. Simultaneous electrophile control allows sequential chemoselective cross-couplings in a single operation in the absence of protecting groups

Evaluation of Police and Fire Reform:Year 1 Summary Report

Police Scotland and the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS) became operational in 2013 following the passing of the Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act in 2012. In terms of policing, the Act brought together the eight regional Police forces, the Scottish Police Services Authority and the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency into two new national bodies: Police Scotland and the Scottish Police Authority. In relation to Fire and Rescue services, the Act established the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service , replacing the eight former Fire and Rescue services and the Scottish Fire Services College. Both sets of reforms are set within a context of decreasing budgets and involve making significant financial savings in relatively short timescales. Both Police Scotland and SFRS are also experiencing important shifts in demand for their services. The aims of this evaluation are to: (i) assess if the three aims of reform (reduced duplication, more equal access to specialist expertise and greater engagement with communities) have been met; (ii) learn the lessons from the implementation of this reform to inform the process of future public service reform; (iii) evaluate the wider impact of reform on the Justice and the wider public sector. The evaluation began in February 2015 and will conclude in February 2019. This first report focuses on findings emerging from the initial two stages of this work: (i) a review of publically available evidence up to the end of November 2015 and (ii) national key informant interviews. The latter were undertaken with a sample of senior representatives across policing and fire in Scotland and a range of national bodies outwith the two services, including other criminal justice sector agencies, local authorities and third sector organisations. This will be complemented with local geographical case study work in years two and four of the evaluation by engaging with local stakeholders including police officers, firefighters, elected members and community representatives. The purpose of the interviews was to focus on perceptions of the processes and experiences of reform in order to help understand 'how' and 'why' the aims of reform have (or have not) been met. The interviews have also highlighted possible lessons for future public service reform processes and the wider impacts of police and fire reform on the justice system and public sector more broadly. No claims can be made for the representativeness of the views articulated by the interviewees but they do give an important if partial perspective on reform. A sample of these interviewees will be revisited at a later stage in the evaluation to capture perceptions of change over time. This Executive Summary section gives an overview of the key themes which have emerged from this first year of work. These are elaborated upon in the main body of the report which captures in greater detail important differences and distinctions in the experiences of reform for the two services

Synthesis of oxindoles and benozfuranones via oxidation of 2-heterocyclic BMIDAs

The synthesis of functionalized oxindoles and benzofuranones via oxidation of 2-BMIDA indoles and benzofurans, respectively, is described. Interconversion of boron species (BMIDAàBF3K) was necessary to enable oxidation and overcome boronic acid stability issues associated with a difficult BMIDA hydrolysis. Overall, a robust process was developed that allowed access to a small library of oxindole and benzofuranone products and facilitated the step-efficient synthesis of biologically-active compounds containing the oxindole pharmacophore