A Theory of Health Investment under Competing Mortality Risks

In this paper we present a theory of health investment when there are multiple causes of death. Since there are several risks “competing“ for one's life, the health investments in avoiding different causes of death are not independent in general. We analyze the optimal investment rules and the comparative statics. In particular, we search for the conditions that make such health investments normal goods, non-Giffen goods, gross complements to one another, and have a positive risk aversion effect. If the proposed conditions fail, then some health investments may become net substitutes, or even gross substitutes to one another.competing risks, complementarity, quantity and quality of life, and dominant diagonal matrix

Property Insurance, Portfolio Selection and their Interdependence

This paper studies the interdependence between property insurance and portfolio selection. The insurance premium of property loss is shown to play the role of subsistence consumption in the analysis. Then, “security” becomes a necessity good and an increase in any insurance parameter would make the investor more “conservative.” The effect of a stock market parameter on the marginal propensity to insure is shown to be opposite that on the marginal propensity to consume. Consequently, an increase in volatility would encourage those with a greater-than-unity relative risk aversion to purchase more insurance at the expense of current consumption.insurance premium, subsistence consumption, portfolio substitution, optimal saving under uncertainty

Life Insurance, Precautionary Saving and Contingent Bequest

Purchasing life insurance is for the welfare of young children, par-ticularly preteens, who are liquidity constrained. In this paper, we present a life cycle model of life insurance that takes into account the ages of these young beneciaries. We show that, as the child ages, the need for protection is reduced and, consequently, the size of contingent bequest may shrink. The demand for life insurance is positively related to the number, age differentials, living standards, and the time needed to reach adulthood. Also, the breadwinner's life-time uncertainty and the unfairness of the insurance market encourage precautionary saving.Loading factor, birth order, actuarial rate of interest, and the age of independence

4,4′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)dipyridinium bis­(2-hy­droxy­benzoate)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C12H14N2 2+·2C7H5O3 −, the cations and anions are linked via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions also occur. π–π stacking is observed between the nearly parallel benzene and pyridine rings [dihedral angle = 6.03 (8)°], the centroid–centroid separation being 3.7546 (16) Å. The 4,4′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dipyridinium cation is centrosymmetric and the mid-point of the ethyl­ene C—C bond is located on an inversion center. An intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs in the anion

4-Amino­benzoic acid–4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridine (1/1)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C13H14N2·C7H7NO2, the 4,4′-trimethyl­ene-dipyridine (TMDP) mol­ecule displays an approximately planar structure, the maximum atomic deviation excluding H atoms being 0.118 (2) Å and the dihedral angle between the pyridine rings 4.59 (10)°. The TMDP and 4-amino­benzoic acid (ABA) mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯N and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonding, while ABA mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. C—H⋯π interactions are also observed between the methyl­ene groups of TMDP mol­ecules and the benzene rings of ABA mol­ecules

Poly[[tetra­aqua­bis­(μ3-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ato)(μ2-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ato)dilanthanum(III)] dihydrate]

There are two independent LaIII cations in the polymeric title compound, {[La2(C7H3NO4)3(H2O)4]·2H2O}n. One is nine-coordinated in an LaN2O7 tricapped trigonal–prismatic geometry formed by three pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ate anions and two water mol­ecules, while the other is ten-coordinated in an LaNO9 bicapped square-anti­prismatic geometry formed by four pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ate anions and two water mol­ecules. The two LaIII cations are separated by a non-bonding distance of 5.026 (3) Å. The pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ate anions bridge the LaIII cations, forming a three-dimensional polymeric complex. The crystal structure contains extensive classical O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further consolidated by π–π stacking between pyridine rings, the shortest centroid–centroid distance between parallel pyridine rings being 3.700 (5) Å

Poly[(μ4-pyridine-2,3-dicarboxyl­ato)lead(II)]

In the title coordination polymer, [Pb(C7H3NO4)]n, the PbII ion is eight-coordinated in a distorted square-anti­prismatic geometry formed by one pyridine N atom and seven carboxyl­ate O atoms from four pyridine-2,3-dicarboxyl­ate (pda) anions. In the pda anion, the dihedral angles between the pyridine ring and carboxyl­ate groups are 19.5 (6) and 73.3 (6)°. The carboxyl­ate groups of the pda anions bridge the Pb ions, forming a two-dimensional coordination polymer parallel to (100). Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen boning is present in the crystal structure

Poly[[aqua­tris­(μ4-benzene-1,2-dicarboxyl­ato)dilanthanum(III)] hemihydrate]

The asymmetric unit of the title coordination polymer, {[La2(C8H4O4)3(H2O)]·0.5H2O}n, contains two independent LaIII atoms, one of which is surrounded by eight carboxyl­ate-O atoms from six benzene-1,2-dicarboxyl­ate (BDC) anions in a bicapped trigonal–prismatic geometry. The other LaIII atom is nine-coordinated in a tricapped trigonal–prismatic geometry, formed by eight carboxyl­ate-O atoms from six BDC anions and a coordinated water mol­ecule. The BDC anions bridge the LaIII atoms, forming a two-dimensional polymeric complex parallel to (001). The crystal structure contains weak O—H⋯O and non-classical C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. A C—H⋯π inter­action is also present in the crystal structure. The uncoordinated water molecule shows half-occupation

4,4′-Ethyl­enedipyridinium bis­(3,4,5-trihy­droxy­benzoate) sesquihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H14N2 2+·2C7H5O5 −·1.5H2O, contains two 4,4′-ethyl­enedipyridinium cations, four gallate anions and three water mol­ecules. In the 4,4′-ethyl­enedipyridinium cations, the dihedral angles between the pyridinium rings are 4.3 (3) and 18.6 (3)°. Extensive classical N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding and C—H⋯π inter­actions are present in the crystal structure. π–π stacking is also observed, the centroid–centroid separations between the benzene and pyridine rings being 3.611 (3), 3.448 (3) and 3.536 (3) Å