日本語指導を経験した教員の実践的知識に関する一考察 －小学校の日本語指導担当教員を対象としたPAC 分析調査より－

本稿は、小学校で日本語指導を担当した経験を持つ２名の教員を対象として、実践的知識とその構造を明らかにすることを目的としたものである。調査方法としてPAC 分析を使用し、個人内の態度やイメージの構造を捉え、質的に分析することを試みた。また、インタビュー調査を実施して、日本語指導の経験が、現在の実践にどのように影響しているかも質問した。分析の結果、２名に共通する実践的知識として「実践の根幹にある信念」、「異なる価値観や考え方の受け入れにくさに起因する葛藤」、「児童のことばの成長を支援する実践の工夫」が明らかになり、その構造が示された。また、日本語指導の経験を通じて、２名に子どもを多角的に把握する視点が生成されたこともわかった

Induction of expressions of HLA class I and class II antigens by interferon on human renal cell carcinoma or bladder cancer cell lines

Interferon-induced expressions of HLA class I and class II (DR, DP, DQ) antigens on human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines and bladder cancer cell lines were analyzed by flowcytometry. Class I antigen was present on all six different RCC cell lines and the expression was enhanced with IFN-γ treatment except one cell line, Caki-2. Although no RCC cell lines expressed class II antigens without IFN-γ treatment, the treatment induced the expression of DR antigen in all cell lines except Caki-2. DP antigen was induced on KPK-1 and KPK-13 with exposure to IFN-γ. On the other hand, bladder cancer cell lines studied showed surface expression of class I antigen and enhanced expression of class I antigen with IFN-γ treatment. However, IFN-γ didn't enhance the expression of class II antigens on any of those bladder cancer cell lines. The minimum concentrations of IFN-γ to increase the expression of class I and DR andtigens on both KPK-13 and ACHN were 4 IU/ml and 100 IU/ml, respectively. The incubation time with IFN-γ to get the maximal expression of class I and DR antigens on KPK-13 were 36 hr and 48 hr, respectively. Meanwhile, although the expression of class I antigen on RCC cell lines was enhanced by IFN-α, IFN-α could not give any effect in class II antigens. Our results demonstrate the obvious effect of IFN-γ to enhance the expression of not only HLA class I antigen but also class II antigens on RCC cell lines

外国人児童生徒のことばの力を見取る共通指標 「日本語ステップ」の開発

平成26年４月から小中学校において日本語指導が必要な児童生徒を対象に「特別の教育課程」を編 成・実施することが可能になった。今後は、教員が児童生徒の個別の指導計画を作成し、ことばの発 達段階に応じた指導・支援を行うことが求められる。群馬県伊勢崎市では「特別の教育課程」の実施 に先立ち、市の教育研究所内に教員６名の日本語教育研究班が組織され、日本語指導の充実のための 実践研究が行われている。日本語教育研究班では日本語能力測定に関する先行研究の知見を参考に、 子どものことばの発達の様子を見取る共通指標「日本語ステップ」を開発した。これは児童生徒の日 本語指導に関わる複数の指導者が子どものことばの発達の様子を観察・把握し、個別の指導計画につ いて話し合うためのツールとして使用するものである。本稿では、日本語ステップの開発目的とその 特徴３点、および今後の活用の可能性について述べる

Pre-post changes in psychosocial functioning among relatives of patients with depressive disorders after Brief Multifamily Psychoeducation: A pilot study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Depressive disorder is often chronic and recurrent, and results in a heavy psychosocial burden on the families of patients with this disorder. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of brief multifamily psychoeducation designed to alleviate their psychosocial burden.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirty-two relatives of patients with major depressive disorder participated in an open study testing the effectiveness of brief multifamily psychoeducation. The intervention consisted of four sessions over the course of 6 weeks. Outcome measures focused on emotional distress, care burden and Expressed Emotion (EE).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The emotional distress, care burden and EE of the family all showed statistically significant improvements from baseline to after the family intervention. The proportion of relatives scoring 9 or more on K6, which indicates possible depressive or anxiety disorder, decreased from sixteen relatives (50.0%) at baseline, to only 3 relatives (9.3%) after the intervention.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study suggests that brief multifamily psychoeducation is a useful intervention to reduce the psychosocial burden of the relatives of patients with depressive disorder. Further evaluation of family psychoeducation for relatives of patients with depressive disorder is warranted.</p

Establishment of canine hemangiosarcoma xenograft models expressing endothelial growth factors, their receptors, and angiogenesis-associated homeobox genes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Human hemangiosarcoma (HSA) tends to have a poor prognosis; its tumorigenesis has not been elucidated, as there is a dearth of HSA clinical specimens and no experimental model for HSA. However, the incidence of spontaneous HSA is relatively high in canines; therefore, canine HSA has been useful in the study of human HSA. Recently, the production of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors in human and canine HSA has been reported. Moreover, the growth-factor environment of HSA is very similar to that of pathophysiological angiogenesis, which some homeobox genes regulate in the transcription of angiogenic molecules. In the present study, we established 6 xenograft canine HSA tumors and detected the expression of growth factors, their receptors, and angiogenic homeobox genes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Six primary canine HSAs were xenografted to nude mice subcutaneously and serially transplanted. Subsequently, the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF), flt-1 and flk-1 (receptors of VEGF-A), FGFR-1, and angiogenic homeobox genes HoxA9, HoxB3, HoxB7, HoxD3, Pbx1, and Meis1 were investigated in original and xenograft tumors by histopathology, immunostaining, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using canine-specific primer sets.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Histopathologically, xenograft tumors comprised a proliferation of neoplastic cells that were varied in shape, from spindle-shaped and polygonal to ovoid; some vascular-like structures and vascular clefts of channels were observed, similar to those in the original tumors. The expression of endothelial markers (CD31 and vWF) was detected in xenograft tumors by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Moreover, the expression of VEGF-A, bFGF, flt-1, flk-1, FGFR-1, HoxA9, HoxB3, HoxB7, HoxD3, Pbx1, and Meis1 was detected in xenograft tumors. Interestingly, expressions of bFGF tended to be higher in 3 of the xenograft HSA tumors than in the other tumors.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We established 6 xenograft canine HSA tumors in nude mice and found that the expressions of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors in xenograft HSAs were similar to those in spontaneous HSA. Furthermore, we detected the expression of angiogenic homeobox genes; therefore, xenograft models may be useful in analyzing malignant growth in HSA.</p