協力学習の理論的課題 : 事例の内在的分析に向けて

協力学習理論では学びの経験の具体性と学習者間の同一性（特に話の文脈の共有し合い）とが軽視されている。協力学習の方法を継承する「協調学習」の研究においても、コミュニケーションは当面の課題に即して理解され、当面の課題とは関係していないとみなされる場面や側面への関心が弱くなる。そこでは、学習者間の差異や同一性が研究者や教師の関心のみに基づいて認識され、学習者間の同一性（または差異と同一性との関係）の孕む問題点が度外視されてもいる。今後は、学習者間のどのような同一性、特に話の文脈のどのような共有し合いが、または学習者間の差異と同一性とのどのような関係が学びの促進に寄与するかを、小集団学習の場面において日常的に存在し生成している差異や同一性にも着目して検討しなければならない。例えば、学習者自身が学習者間の差異や同一性をどう認識しうるかについて考慮されなければならない

キョウシツ ニオケル Ｔジガタ ノ ショウシュウダン ノ カイワ : コドモカン ノ サイ ト ドウイツセイ トノ タゲンテキ カンケイ

木稿では、中学3年生の教室における或る小集団の会話の事例を検討する。当該小集団はいわゆるT字型になっており、「虐待の連鎖」に関する会話が、身体や物や空間のありようと相関して生徒間の差異と同一性との多元的関係として生成していた。生徒聞の差異だけではなく、生徒聞の同一性や、生徒聞の差異と同一性との関係をも問題にすることは、生徒間の協力や協調性を実現するための生徒指導の方法を考察する上でも重要であると考えられた。また、当事者聞の差異と同一性との多元的関係を精織に分析するための理論的枠組みについても、前述のT字型の小集団における会話の事例を踏まえつつ考察した。そこからは、協力学習(Cooperative learning) の理論的課題や、「協調学習」といわれる学習科学における協同学習 (collaborative learning)の理論的課題についての示唆も得られた

The Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for acute kidney injury 2016

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome which has a broad range of etiologic factors depending on different clinical settings. Because AKI has significant impacts on prognosis in any clinical settings, early detection and intervention are necessary to improve the outcomes of AKI patients. This clinical guideline for AKI was developed by a multidisciplinary approach with nephrology, intensive care medicine, blood purification, and pediatrics. Of note, clinical practice for AKI management which was widely performed in Japan was also evaluated with comprehensive literature search

Traceability Management System Using Blockchain Technology and Cost Estimation in the Metrology Field

Metrological traceability is essential to ensure the reliability of calibration tests. Calibration certificates usually include information on only one upper-level reference standard. As metrological traceability is multi-layered, generally there is no method available for end users to instantly confirm the traceability from the reference standard to a primary standard. This study focuses on the Ethereum blockchain, which has both tamper resistance and high availability, as a digital data management method. To improve the transparency and reliability of calibration tests, a smart contract that traces back to the primary standard is proposed. Consequently, it is confirmed that end users can instantly obtain traceability information. In addition, the execution of smart contracts requires transaction fees. Here, the calculation of the transaction fees is organized, and the traceability management system is discussed from a cost-effective perspective in the field of metrology

Joint attention in class : As a clue to make space theory

The aim of this theoretical study is to examine and clarify the implications of joint attention in class in the context of research on joint attention and that of teaching. “Joint attention” means the connection of visual attention of some individuals; in this study, this term is defined as the phenomenon in which two individuals gaze at the same object connectively. 　Although joint attention occurs ordinarily, traditional empirical research regards it as the foundation of language development in infants, considering it to be based mainly on the developmental psychology. After critically reviewing the related traditional research, we have considered the cases of classrooms in our study. The consideration of joint attention in class enables us to design a space theory to relativize the culture of social relationship and that of representation. Moreover, joint attention is also significant in the context of research on teaching. The focus on joint attention in class can contribute to analyzing joint actions in class microscopically and constructing the viewpoint for the analysis of the genesis of language and language use integrally. In other words, we can add it to research on teaching as a supplement for spatial analysis and develop a new method

Strategic coastal dike shape for enhanced tsunami overflow reduction.

Coastal dikes are an essential social infrastructure to mitigate tsunami damage. However, there are no clear guidelines on effective dike shapes for reducing tsunami overflow. To examine effective dike shapes, numerical simulations of the amount of tsunami overflow at coastal dikes are conducted with reference to tsunami waveforms caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake. Results reveal the relationship between the dike shape and the amount of the overflow; the mechanism of overflow reduction based on the velocity and water level distribution is also verified. The comparison of the seaward and landward slopes of coastal dikes reveals that the seaward slope has a greater impact on the overflow, and the seaward slope with a vertical wall or a wave return structure reduces the overflow by 5%-30% compared to the 1:2 (26.6°) seaward slope. The landward slope should be determined based on the tsunami scale and the scour related to the dike stability. Since tsunami inflow damages human life and social infrastructure, achieving the overflow reduction without increasing dike height is vital. Our work contributes to rational design guidelines for coastal dikes

“Zeigen” as reflective practice : A fundamental viewpoint of teachers’ lesson study

In this paper, the concept of “ Zeigen ” is reconsidered as a fundamental viewpoint of teachers ’ lesson study. “ Zeigen ” is an anthropological concept and symbolizes the action of teaching. We prove that “ Zeigen ” can make the momentum of reflective practice of teachers

The evolution of structural thought in Heinrich Rombach

This paper considers the evolution of structural thought in Heinrich Rombach. He developed the image of communication that underlies his original structural thought “structural ontology” on his new conception “image philosophy” und “hermetics”, but he failed to bring the developed image into his structural thought itself minutely

Numerical simulation conditions and results.

a Water level distribution. By generating a constant volume of water from the bottom of the inflow boundary, steady flow conditions of an overflow depth of 9 cm are reproduced as reported by Mitsui et al. [16]. b horizontal and vertical velocity distributions on the landward side of the coastal dike. The experimental and numerical results are in good agreement regarding the water level and velocity distributions, confirming the validity of the simulation method used in this study.</p

Numerical simulation conditions.

a Simulation domain. For the simulation domain, the original scale and the 5-fold magnified scale in the y direction with enhanced visibility are illustrated. The left end of the domain is the wave-generation boundary (initial depth = 40 m), and the right end of the domain is the outlet boundary (overflow measurement). In all cases, the seaward shoulder of the coastal dike was set to x = 2310 m. b Dike shape. The reduction effects of 24 dike shapes on the total amount of overflow were examined. The circle on the seaward slope of the coastal dikes (Cases 7 and 8) was assumed to be the wave-return structure. c Tsunami waveform at x = 5 m near the wave-generation boundary in the numerical simulation.</p