A Numerical Study on Assessing Sustainable Development with Future Genuine Savings Simulation

This paper presents a numerical examination of sustainability from the perspective of "Genuine Savings," using a data set provided by the World Bank. Unlike previously-used criteria of sustainability that focuses on observed paths of genuine savings rates, we consider future sustainability by simulating future paths of genuine savings. This analysis shows that some countries that had been classified as being sustainable by previous studies, using observed paths, are, in fact, not sustainable from the perspective of future sustainability. We provide information on capital components which should be targeted by policymakers in order to maintain future sustainability.

Design of teleoperation system with a force-reflecting real-time simulator

We developed a force-reflecting teleoperation system that uses a real-time graphic simulator. This system eliminates the effects of communication time delays in remote robot manipulation. The simulator provides the operator with predictive display and feedback of computed contact forces through a six-degree of freedom (6-DOF) master arm on a real-time basis. With this system, peg-in-hole tasks involving round-trip communication time delays of up to a few seconds were performed at three support levels: a real image alone, a predictive display with a real image, and a real-time graphic simulator with computed-contact-force reflection and a predictive display. The experimental results indicate the best teleoperation efficiency was achieved by using the force-reflecting simulator with two images. The shortest work time, lowest sensor maximum, and a 100 percent success rate were obtained. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of simulated-force-reflecting teleoperation efficiency

Solubility, Discoloration, and Solid-State ¹³C NMR Spectra of Stereoregular Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Prepared by Urea Clathrate Polymerization at Low Temperatures

Stereoregular poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was obtained by urea clathrate polymerization. The sample was a white crystalline powder. Its molecular structure was studied by appearance, FT-IR, WAXD, and NMR (solid) in comparison with those of ordinary free radical one. The sample was totally insoluble to polar solvent such as DMF in contrast with good solubility of free radical one. Prolonged heating at high temperatures ensured discoloration and elimination reaction permitted formation of trans-type double bond. This structural change was traced by FT-IR and solid-state NMR. Two non-compromise characteristics, stiff molecular chain and easy discoloration, in canal PVC are described

Heavy-Ion Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry : A Comparison of ¹¹B with ⁴He Ions

The Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was examined with ¹¹B and ⁴He ions. Backscattering spectra improve in the mass resolution, the depth resolution and the channeling minimum yield when 6 MeV ¹¹B ions are used instead of 2 MeV ⁴He ions, which have been used commonly. Then the terminal voltage of a 1.7 MV tandem Cockcroft-Walton accelerator was calibrated by means of a combination of the ²⁷Al(p, γ)²⁸Si resonance method and a new iterative method using ¹H and ⁴He ions. The true terminal voltage of the accelerator is lower than the corresponding nominal values, and the deviation quadratically increases with increasing voltage

Induction of fatty liver by Coleus forskohlii extract through enhancement of de novo triglyceride synthesis in mice

AbstractColeus forskohlii extract (CFE), an herbal ingredient, is used for weight-loss products. CFE's alleged efficacy is attributed to forskolin. However, CFE has been shown to induce fatty liver in mice, with components other than forskolin playing a part in this effect. The present study addressed the underlying mechanism of CFE-induced fatty liver by analyzing changes in CFE-treated mice of lipid concentrations and of the levels of mRNAs encoding enzymes and transcription factors known to be related to fatty liver. Mice were fed a diet containing 0, 0.3 and 1% CFE for 2 weeks. CFE at 1% clearly induced fatty liver, as demonstrated by histological examination and confirmed by increases in triglyceride concentrations in liver. However, treated mice did not exhibit elevation in plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids. Comprehensive analysis of liver mRNA levels revealed accumulation of multiple transcripts, including mRNAs encoding enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase and long-chain elongase; transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ); and lipid-droplet-associated fat-specific protein 27 (Fsp27). These findings suggest that the de novo synthesis and accumulation of triglyceride in the liver, through the enhanced expression of specific lipogenic mRNAs, is a major underlying mechanism of fatty liver induction by CFE

Large Faraday effect of borate glasses with high Tb³⁺ content prepared by containerless processing

Borate glasses containing a large amount of Tb³⁺ ions have been prepared by containerless processing. The content of Tb₂O₃ reached 60 mol%. The glass bearing the highest content of Tb³⁺ ions showed a large Faraday effect; the Verdet constant was 234 rad/T m. Annealing of the glasses in H₂/N₂ atmosphere resulted in a low optical absorption coefficient, leading to an extremely large magneto-optical figure of merit that was ∼1.7 times higher than that of Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ single crystal

35Sによるアサクサノリ及びアオサの硫黄の吸収に関する研究Ⅱ.

35Sを添加した海水中でアサクサノリを培養し，その葉体をFig. 1のように分割lし，各フラクションへの35Sの吸収を明暗両条件下で経時的に観察した. 1) 各フラクションの硫黄含量は培養期間 (24-48時間)中，ほとんど一定であった. 2) 35S の吸収は明条件下ではきわめて活発で，暗条件下では著しくにぶい.また明条件下の各フラクションの吸収状態は前報アオサの場合とほぼ同様の傾向を示した. 3) アルコール可溶部中の35S は大部分が陽イオン交換樹脂非吸着性の物質中に移った. 4) 陽イオン交換樹脂非吸着性物質のうちで35Sの存在を最も強く示しているものはタウリンであって，そのほか少量の未確認の物質にもみられ，また35SO4--のままのものも少量存在した. 5) 陽イオン交換樹脂非吸着性物質における35Sの所在について， ヒトエグサとオゴノリで実験した結果， ヒトエグサではDーシステノール酸に，オゴノリではアサクサノリと同じくタウリンに最も強く認められた.1. Sulfur contents of each fractions (ethanol soluble and insoluble, and hot water insoluble) of Porphyra tenera were almost stationary throughout the culture. 2. Aspects of sulfur uptake in various fractions of Porphyra tenera were as like as those of UIva pertusa. 3. Under light, sulfur uptake by Porphyra was very active, but under darkness it was very dull, particularly in ethanol insoluble fraction. 4. In Porphyra and Gracilaria, a considerable amount of 35S of the non-adsorbable was incorporated into taurine, while in Monostroma it was incorporated into Dcysteinolic acid

Studies on the sulfur uptake by porphyra tenera and ulva pertusa, using 35S

　アオサを35SO4，添加海水で、培養し熱水可溶，不溶， 80%アノレコール可溶，不容の各成分への硫黄の移行を時間的lこ追究した.またアサクサノリ及びアオサを同様に48時間培養し，同じく各成分への硫黄の移行を調べ，更にアノレコール可溶部分については， イオン交換樹脂を用いacidic，basic 及びneutral の3 fraction に分割し，各fraction における硫黄の動向について考察した. ① アオサでは硫黄の大部分は熱水可溶部及びその80% アノレコール不溶部にかなり短時間に入り24時間乃至48時間後lこはほぼ平衡に達する. ② 80%アノレコール可溶の部分ではやや異なり，培養開始後24時間までは比絞的緩慢であるが，その後はかなり大きく増加する. ③ アサクサノリ，アオサいずれも80%アルコール不溶の部分に多く吸収され， 80%アノレコール可容の部分ではアサクサノリの方がアオサに比して少い. ④ このfraction にはtaurine，cysteic acid， cysteinolic acid などのようなアミノスルフォン酸の存在が認められ，それらへの移行が考えられるが確認は出来なかった.The time-course of sulfur uptake and transferring to the fronds of Ulva pertusa was investigated, by means of culturing for I, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours in the media added 35S04 • Distribution of sulfur and 35S-actiyity in the fronds were looked over from the fractions separated under the procedure of Text-fig. I. And also the sulfur uptake of Porphya tenera and of Ulva pertusa were compared, after the culturing for 48 hours with 35SO4 • The results are as follows. (1) 35S was taken rapidly into each fraction from the outset by Ulva pertusa and poised after 48 hours (see Table 1). (2) However, in the 80% ethanol soluble fraction, 35S-activity increased slowly at the beginning of culture, but after 24 hours, became faster. (3) Making a comparison between Porphyra tenera and Ulva pertusa, a good deal of 35S was taken up into the 80 % ethanol insoluble fractions of both, on the contrary, less activity was found in the 80 % ethanol soluble fraction of Porphyra tenera than Ulva pert usa (see Table 2). (4) In the latter fractions, there were found sulfonyl amino compounds such as taurine, cysteinolic acid or cysteic acid in either Porphyra tenera or Ulva pertusa. It is probable that 35 S-activity exists in these compounds